Q. What language areas do you think you particularly want work on to be a well qualified English teacher? Stundents these days tend to really care their English teacher's pronunciation. They seem to believe that English teachers should pronounce just like a native speakers of English. What do you think about this belief? How would you react to this attitude (belief)?
First off, I would like to work on my writing skill the most to be a well-qualified English teacher. Writing, one of four skills of Language, seems to be undervalued in South Korea's English curriculum. Korean students spend almost no time to write in English in class. Almost every English textbooks in South Korea focus on reading and listening skill of English, barely speaking, but no writing. Of course, Listening, Reading, and Speaking are all important language skills to develop but result will be maximized when all skiils are developed in balance.
Also, I agree that some of today's English teachers are kind of outdated. Some teachers lacks pronounciation skills. They became an English teacher a long time ago, so they tends to lack adopting new trend of English education. Since today's world is so globalized, many young students has an opportunity to go abroad and study abroad. That is why some has dissatisfaction with their teacher. However, I believe that we do not have to fire these teacher because of their lack of speaking skill. As they are not good at speaking English, they might ace in other field of English language, for example, grammar and structure of English. It would be nice if one school has several English teachers with different strong fields.
2009년 3월 30일 월요일
After the 'MT' a.k.a 'Membership Training'
I went to Department of English Education Membership Training from Friday to Saturday.
I think it was more mearningful because every professor participated in this.
I was able to meet professors that I don't take any courses of.
After playing sports, we had "Night of English Educationer."
Every participates of this Membership Training were provided chances to show their inner talent.
I danced with my friends along with the song "Rainism" by the famous Korean singer Rain.
It was so much difficult to learn this dance but after the show, I felt very proud of myself.
After the program ended, I felt exhausted and tired but I got to say It was worthy participating in.
It was a real fun, playing soccer and dodge ball with all freshman, sophomores, juniors, seniors, graduates and professors.
I was able to meet professors that I don't take any courses of.
After playing sports, we had "Night of English Educationer."
Every participates of this Membership Training were provided chances to show their inner talent.
I danced with my friends along with the song "Rainism" by the famous Korean singer Rain.
It was so much difficult to learn this dance but after the show, I felt very proud of myself.
After the program ended, I felt exhausted and tired but I got to say It was worthy participating in.
2009년 3월 26일 목요일
TOEFL Essay Week 4
There is an ongoing debate over whether or not we should protect endangered species throughout the world. Some are against this proposition, saying that we must focus on our basic needs, whereas others point out that we must look after endangered animals. I agree with the latter position and present my reasoning below.
The earth has become sick due to heedless construction to serve human needs. This means that the more we develop lands for ourselves, the more threatened the earth will become. Hence, saving the earth is an imperative. As is known, overexploiting resources and deforestation have devastated our planet. Now is the time to care about the earth.
Even assuming the above is very plausible, some still argue that countless people are suffering from a lack of fundamental needs. A recently released UNICEF report says that one-third of the children in Africa are undernourished. The report also states that if we each send just one dollar to Africa, they will be able to buy food for two days. Accordingly, they firmly believe we should continue to develop land for our own use. I partially concede this. Yet, I still place emphasis on my idea because there is one more important matter to consider: endangered species imply that the ecosystem of the earth is in danger.
With the advent of modern technology and rapid development, we have benefited from remarkable advances. Today’s science has made the once impossible possible; the unrealistic realistic. However, everything has its down side; thus, the negative impact on the earth. We are suffering from scorching summers, habitat destruction, air pollution, and so on. What I want to emphasize is that endangered species have been severely affected by today’s technology. Someday, the ecosystem will be mostly destroyed due to humans’ unlimited appetite. For this reason, when we take care of endangered species we protect ourselves and the earth.
To summarize, everyone may hold a different position on this issue. But, I am for the idea that we should protect endangered species. I have two reasons for this: One is that the earth is already fully-developed. The other is that our basic ecosystem will be destroyed if we continue.
The earth has become sick due to heedless construction to serve human needs. This means that the more we develop lands for ourselves, the more threatened the earth will become. Hence, saving the earth is an imperative. As is known, overexploiting resources and deforestation have devastated our planet. Now is the time to care about the earth.
Even assuming the above is very plausible, some still argue that countless people are suffering from a lack of fundamental needs. A recently released UNICEF report says that one-third of the children in Africa are undernourished. The report also states that if we each send just one dollar to Africa, they will be able to buy food for two days. Accordingly, they firmly believe we should continue to develop land for our own use. I partially concede this. Yet, I still place emphasis on my idea because there is one more important matter to consider: endangered species imply that the ecosystem of the earth is in danger.
With the advent of modern technology and rapid development, we have benefited from remarkable advances. Today’s science has made the once impossible possible; the unrealistic realistic. However, everything has its down side; thus, the negative impact on the earth. We are suffering from scorching summers, habitat destruction, air pollution, and so on. What I want to emphasize is that endangered species have been severely affected by today’s technology. Someday, the ecosystem will be mostly destroyed due to humans’ unlimited appetite. For this reason, when we take care of endangered species we protect ourselves and the earth.
To summarize, everyone may hold a different position on this issue. But, I am for the idea that we should protect endangered species. I have two reasons for this: One is that the earth is already fully-developed. The other is that our basic ecosystem will be destroyed if we continue.
2009년 3월 25일 수요일
ICT week 4 - My Personality Factors that influence language learning
Current Skill : Reading academic textbooks is terribly slow
- Have you just begun your studies? As you learn more about your own subject, reading the textbooks will get easier. Are you using a dictionary sensibly? Can you guess or infer the meanings of words? Do you know about skimming and scanning strategies? An academic reading course might help you. On the Internet, the Reading Room offers special tips for reading English texts.
Motivation : I like to get to know people from other countries
- This is a good example of what has been called “integrative motivation”, ie, wanting to learn a language so that you can integrate easily into the target language group. It sounds as if you are a communicative and active type of learner, who likes to focus on oral skills.
Personality: I think that peoplewill laugh at theway I speak
- People vary a lot in their capacity to achieve a good pronunciation of a new language. Embarrassment and anxiety about this can often make things even worse. This often leads to avoidance of situations where you have to speak and so you rarely get the opportunity to practice. You need to look for situations or courses where you feel safe and less threatened. As you start to feel more comfortable, you will speak more and your pronunciation will gradually improve. And remember, many other people feel the same as you.
- Have you just begun your studies? As you learn more about your own subject, reading the textbooks will get easier. Are you using a dictionary sensibly? Can you guess or infer the meanings of words? Do you know about skimming and scanning strategies? An academic reading course might help you. On the Internet, the Reading Room offers special tips for reading English texts.
Motivation : I like to get to know people from other countries
- This is a good example of what has been called “integrative motivation”, ie, wanting to learn a language so that you can integrate easily into the target language group. It sounds as if you are a communicative and active type of learner, who likes to focus on oral skills.
Personality: I think that peoplewill laugh at theway I speak
- People vary a lot in their capacity to achieve a good pronunciation of a new language. Embarrassment and anxiety about this can often make things even worse. This often leads to avoidance of situations where you have to speak and so you rarely get the opportunity to practice. You need to look for situations or courses where you feel safe and less threatened. As you start to feel more comfortable, you will speak more and your pronunciation will gradually improve. And remember, many other people feel the same as you.
Introverted Sensing Thinking Judging by Joe Butt
Introverted Sensing Thinking Judging by Joe Butt /Date of Revision: 27 Feb 2005
"It is in keeping with tradition throughout our history that I should express simply and directly the opinions which I hold concerning some of the matters of present importance." --Herbert Hoover, Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1929.
ISTJs are often called inspectors. They have a keen sense of right and wrong, especially in their area of interest and/or responsibility. They are noted for devotion to duty. Punctuality is a watchword of the ISTJ. The secretary, clerk, or business(wo)man by whom others set their clocks is likely to be an ISTJ.
As do other Introverted Thinkers, ISTJs often give the initial impression of being aloof and perhaps somewhat cold. Effusive expression of emotional warmth is not something that ISTJs do without considerable energy loss.
ISTJs are most at home with "just the facts, Ma'am." They seem to perform at highest efficiency when employing a step-by-step approach. Once a new procedure has proven itself (i.e., has been shown "to work,") the ISTJ can be depended upon to carry it through, even at the expense of their own health.
ISTJs are easily frustrated by the inconsistencies of others, especially when the second parties don't keep their commitments. But they usually keep their feelings to themselves unless they are asked. And when asked, they don't mince words. Truth wins out over tact. The grim determination of the ISTJ vindicates itself in officiation of sports events, judiciary functions, or an other situation which requires making tough calls and sticking to them.
His SJ orientation draws the ISTJ into the service of established institutions. Home, social clubs, government, schools, the military, churches -- these are the bastions of the SJ. "We've always done it this way" is often reason enough for many ISTJs. Threats to time-honored traditions or established organizations (e.g., a "run" on the bank) are the undoing of SJs, and are to be fought at all costs.
Functional Analysis
Introverted Sensing
Si is oriented toward the world of forms, essences, generics. Time is such a form, a quantifiable essense of exactitude, the standard to which external events are held. For both of the IS_J types, the sense of propriety comes from the clear definition of these internal forms. An apple "should" have certain qualities, against which all apples are evaluated. A "proper" chair has four legs, (and other qualities this poor INTP can only guess). Jung viewed introverted sensing as something of an oxymoron, in that the natural direction of senses is outward toward the object, rather than inward and away from it. One has the sense that Introverted Sensors are drawn more to the measure of the concept of the perceived object than to the experience of that perception.
Extraverted Thinking
The moderation of the Te function serves to socialize the expression of these forms. When the Si function is ready to relinquish the data, Te may speak. Otherwise, silence is golden. ISTJs seem to have a few favorite forms (the tried and true) which may serve for most occasions. My ISTJ dad woke me every morning with the same phrase for more years than I care to remember. Asked, "How are you?" he answered with the same stock phrase. ("As well as my age and habits will permit" was used for about two decades.) "It's a good form, a sound form--it's the form for me."
Introverted Feeling
Since Fi is turned inward, it is rarely expressed. Perhaps this enables the ISTJ to resolutely accept that "we are all doomed." When told that Lazarus had died, Thomas said, "Let us go and die with him." (He could just as well have said something like, "I knew this was bound to happen sooner or later.") Only in times of great distress is the Introverted Feeling expressed (as I witnessed in my dad when a neighbor's son was killed in a hunting accident). Otherwise, feeling is inferred, or expressed nonverbally, through eye contact, or an encouraging smile.
Extraverted iNtuition
The Ne function of an ISTJ does not serve her very well. It needs a lot of help. She was surprised, for example, to find that someone she had talked with only by phone had red hair, because she "didn't usually like" people with red hair! This inferior Ne seems to be a major source of, and a natural breeding ground for, stereotypes. Failure of the banking system is but one bogeyman which arises from the fear which feeds on the ISTJ's mistrust of real world possibilities. The shadow inhabiting the inferior Ne strikes at the precious forms and standards in the heart of the dominant Si function.
Famous ISTJs:
Thomas (Christ's disciple)
U.S. Presidents:
George Washington
Andrew Johnson
Benjamin Harrison
Herbert Hoover
George H. W. Bush
Paul Coverdale (U.S. Senator, R-GA)
Jackie Joyner-Kersee (U.S. Olympic athlete)
Evander Holyfield, heavyweight boxing champion
Fictional ISTJs:
Joe Friday
Mr. Martin (hero of James Thurber's Sitting in the Catbird Seat)
Eeyore (Winnie the Pooh)
Fred Mertz (I Love Lucy)
Puddleglum, the marshwiggle (Chronicles of Narnia)
Cliff (Cheers)
"It is in keeping with tradition throughout our history that I should express simply and directly the opinions which I hold concerning some of the matters of present importance." --Herbert Hoover, Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1929.
ISTJs are often called inspectors. They have a keen sense of right and wrong, especially in their area of interest and/or responsibility. They are noted for devotion to duty. Punctuality is a watchword of the ISTJ. The secretary, clerk, or business(wo)man by whom others set their clocks is likely to be an ISTJ.
As do other Introverted Thinkers, ISTJs often give the initial impression of being aloof and perhaps somewhat cold. Effusive expression of emotional warmth is not something that ISTJs do without considerable energy loss.
ISTJs are most at home with "just the facts, Ma'am." They seem to perform at highest efficiency when employing a step-by-step approach. Once a new procedure has proven itself (i.e., has been shown "to work,") the ISTJ can be depended upon to carry it through, even at the expense of their own health.
ISTJs are easily frustrated by the inconsistencies of others, especially when the second parties don't keep their commitments. But they usually keep their feelings to themselves unless they are asked. And when asked, they don't mince words. Truth wins out over tact. The grim determination of the ISTJ vindicates itself in officiation of sports events, judiciary functions, or an other situation which requires making tough calls and sticking to them.
His SJ orientation draws the ISTJ into the service of established institutions. Home, social clubs, government, schools, the military, churches -- these are the bastions of the SJ. "We've always done it this way" is often reason enough for many ISTJs. Threats to time-honored traditions or established organizations (e.g., a "run" on the bank) are the undoing of SJs, and are to be fought at all costs.
Functional Analysis
Introverted Sensing
Si is oriented toward the world of forms, essences, generics. Time is such a form, a quantifiable essense of exactitude, the standard to which external events are held. For both of the IS_J types, the sense of propriety comes from the clear definition of these internal forms. An apple "should" have certain qualities, against which all apples are evaluated. A "proper" chair has four legs, (and other qualities this poor INTP can only guess). Jung viewed introverted sensing as something of an oxymoron, in that the natural direction of senses is outward toward the object, rather than inward and away from it. One has the sense that Introverted Sensors are drawn more to the measure of the concept of the perceived object than to the experience of that perception.
Extraverted Thinking
The moderation of the Te function serves to socialize the expression of these forms. When the Si function is ready to relinquish the data, Te may speak. Otherwise, silence is golden. ISTJs seem to have a few favorite forms (the tried and true) which may serve for most occasions. My ISTJ dad woke me every morning with the same phrase for more years than I care to remember. Asked, "How are you?" he answered with the same stock phrase. ("As well as my age and habits will permit" was used for about two decades.) "It's a good form, a sound form--it's the form for me."
Introverted Feeling
Since Fi is turned inward, it is rarely expressed. Perhaps this enables the ISTJ to resolutely accept that "we are all doomed." When told that Lazarus had died, Thomas said, "Let us go and die with him." (He could just as well have said something like, "I knew this was bound to happen sooner or later.") Only in times of great distress is the Introverted Feeling expressed (as I witnessed in my dad when a neighbor's son was killed in a hunting accident). Otherwise, feeling is inferred, or expressed nonverbally, through eye contact, or an encouraging smile.
Extraverted iNtuition
The Ne function of an ISTJ does not serve her very well. It needs a lot of help. She was surprised, for example, to find that someone she had talked with only by phone had red hair, because she "didn't usually like" people with red hair! This inferior Ne seems to be a major source of, and a natural breeding ground for, stereotypes. Failure of the banking system is but one bogeyman which arises from the fear which feeds on the ISTJ's mistrust of real world possibilities. The shadow inhabiting the inferior Ne strikes at the precious forms and standards in the heart of the dominant Si function.
Famous ISTJs:
Thomas (Christ's disciple)
U.S. Presidents:
George Washington
Andrew Johnson
Benjamin Harrison
Herbert Hoover
George H. W. Bush
Paul Coverdale (U.S. Senator, R-GA)
Jackie Joyner-Kersee (U.S. Olympic athlete)
Evander Holyfield, heavyweight boxing champion
Fictional ISTJs:
Joe Friday
Mr. Martin (hero of James Thurber's Sitting in the Catbird Seat)
Eeyore (Winnie the Pooh)
Fred Mertz (I Love Lucy)
Puddleglum, the marshwiggle (Chronicles of Narnia)
Cliff (Cheers)
Career for ISTJs
YOUR TYPE
ISTJ
ISTJ
-->Career Choices for Your Type
Perception 12
Processing 38
Implementation 11
Career
Educational Institutions Management
Technical Computer Programming
Technology Education
Physician(Surgery)
Dentist/Dental Assistant
Military Training
* Famous people of your particular type
Herbert Hoover, Harry S. Truman, Kirk Douglas, Clint Eastwood, Greta Garbo
Portrait of the Inspector (ISTJ) by GUARDIAN
Inspectors (ISTJ) work best in a very quiet environment with no interruptions. Inspectors will generally start their studying and end their studying with a completely clean desk. William's study corner looks like a shrine. Everything is organized neatly in drawers while the surfaces are free of all dust and dirt. The best environment for Inspectors is a space that can be closed off, is removed from phones and people, and is orderly.
Guardian™ Portrait of the Inspector (ISTJ)
The one word that best describes Inspectors is superdependable. Whether at home or at work, Inspectors are extraordinarily persevering and dutiful, particularly when it comes to keeping an eye on the people and products they are responsible for. In their quiet way, Inspectors see to it that rules are followed, laws are respected, and standards are upheld.
Inspectors (as much as ten percent of the general population) are the true guardians of institutions. They are patient with their work and with the procedures within an institution, although not always with the unauthorized behavior of some people in that institution. Responsible to the core, Inspectors like it when people know their duties, follow the guidelines, and operate within the rules. For their part, Inspectors will see to it that goods are examined and schedules are kept, that resources will be up to standards and delivered when and where they are supposed to be. And they would prefer that everyone be this dependable. Inspectors can be hard-nosed about the need for following the rules in the workplace, and do not hesitate to report irregularities to the proper authorities. Because of this they are often misjudged as being hard-hearted, or as having ice in their veins, for people fail to see their good intentions and their vulnerability to criticism. Also, because Inspectors usually make their inspections without much flourish or fanfare, the dedication they bring to their work can go unnoticed and unappreciated.
While not as talkative as Supervisor Guardians [ESTJs], Inspectors are still highly sociable, and are likely to be involved in community service organizations, such as Sunday School, Little League, or Boy and Girl Scouting, that transmit traditional values to the young. Like all Guardians, Inspectors hold dear their family social ceremonies-weddings, birthdays, and anniversaries - although they tend to be shy if the occasion becomes too large or too public. Generally speaking, Inspectors are not comfortable with anything that gets too fancy. Their words tend to be plain and down-to-earth, not showy or high-flown; their clothes are often simple and conservative rather than of the latest fashion; and their home and work environments are usually neat, orderly, and traditional, rather than trendy or ostentatious. As for personal property, they usually choose standard items over models loaded with features, and they often try to find classics and antiques - Inspectors prefer the old-fashioned to the newfangled every time.
Queen Elizabeth II, Harry S. Truman, Warren Buffet, Queen Victoria, James K. Polk, and J.D. Rockefeller are examples of Inspector Guardians.
Guardian™ Portrait of the Inspector (ISTJ)
The one word that best describes Inspectors is superdependable. Whether at home or at work, Inspectors are extraordinarily persevering and dutiful, particularly when it comes to keeping an eye on the people and products they are responsible for. In their quiet way, Inspectors see to it that rules are followed, laws are respected, and standards are upheld.
Inspectors (as much as ten percent of the general population) are the true guardians of institutions. They are patient with their work and with the procedures within an institution, although not always with the unauthorized behavior of some people in that institution. Responsible to the core, Inspectors like it when people know their duties, follow the guidelines, and operate within the rules. For their part, Inspectors will see to it that goods are examined and schedules are kept, that resources will be up to standards and delivered when and where they are supposed to be. And they would prefer that everyone be this dependable. Inspectors can be hard-nosed about the need for following the rules in the workplace, and do not hesitate to report irregularities to the proper authorities. Because of this they are often misjudged as being hard-hearted, or as having ice in their veins, for people fail to see their good intentions and their vulnerability to criticism. Also, because Inspectors usually make their inspections without much flourish or fanfare, the dedication they bring to their work can go unnoticed and unappreciated.
While not as talkative as Supervisor Guardians [ESTJs], Inspectors are still highly sociable, and are likely to be involved in community service organizations, such as Sunday School, Little League, or Boy and Girl Scouting, that transmit traditional values to the young. Like all Guardians, Inspectors hold dear their family social ceremonies-weddings, birthdays, and anniversaries - although they tend to be shy if the occasion becomes too large or too public. Generally speaking, Inspectors are not comfortable with anything that gets too fancy. Their words tend to be plain and down-to-earth, not showy or high-flown; their clothes are often simple and conservative rather than of the latest fashion; and their home and work environments are usually neat, orderly, and traditional, rather than trendy or ostentatious. As for personal property, they usually choose standard items over models loaded with features, and they often try to find classics and antiques - Inspectors prefer the old-fashioned to the newfangled every time.
Queen Elizabeth II, Harry S. Truman, Warren Buffet, Queen Victoria, James K. Polk, and J.D. Rockefeller are examples of Inspector Guardians.
Test Result Of MBTI TEST
Your Type is ISTJ
Introverted 56 %
Sensing 12 %
Thinking 38 %
Judging 11 %
->Qualitative analysis of your type formula
You are:
moderately expressed introvert
slightly expressed sensing personality
moderately expressed thinking personality
slightly expressed judging personality
Introverted 56 %
Sensing 12 %
Thinking 38 %
Judging 11 %
->Qualitative analysis of your type formula
You are:
moderately expressed introvert
slightly expressed sensing personality
moderately expressed thinking personality
slightly expressed judging personality
LEARN MORE ABOUT ISTJs
Journal Topic of the Week 3
Q. What type of learner are you? Tell us about the results of three different tests. Are these results surprising or confirming you? What did you learn about this activity?
According to the MBTI Test, I am ISTJ type of person. The test result says that I am serious, quiet, earn success by concentration and thoroughness. I have to agree on my result because it exactly reflects my personality! I was surprised at the very first moment but I realized it is a nice opportunity to boost up my studying efficiency if I got to know my learning style. The other adjectives that describes ISTJ type of person could be practical, orderly, matter-of-fact, logical, realistic, and dependable and it makes me trust this test more. In addition I usually want that everything is well organized and like to take responsibility. These are the characteristics of inspector-like people, in other words ISTJs. It was a nice experience to take such a test to understand about myself better. I would like to find the way to study more efficiently additionally.
According to the MBTI Test, I am ISTJ type of person. The test result says that I am serious, quiet, earn success by concentration and thoroughness. I have to agree on my result because it exactly reflects my personality! I was surprised at the very first moment but I realized it is a nice opportunity to boost up my studying efficiency if I got to know my learning style. The other adjectives that describes ISTJ type of person could be practical, orderly, matter-of-fact, logical, realistic, and dependable and it makes me trust this test more. In addition I usually want that everything is well organized and like to take responsibility. These are the characteristics of inspector-like people, in other words ISTJs. It was a nice experience to take such a test to understand about myself better. I would like to find the way to study more efficiently additionally.
2009년 3월 20일 금요일
TOEFL Essay Week 3
There is an ongoing debate over whether or not games play an important role in adults’ lives. Many people, perhaps most, believe that games are not valuable to adults. Others, however, believe that games have positive impacts on adults. I agree with the latter stance and present my reasons below.
Games instill a sense of cooperation regardless of age. Hence, even though adults are already grown, games give them an opportunity to learn the importance of mutual aid and are reminded of that importance as they play on a regular basis. As you know, as human beings, we are social animals. Everything in the world is mutually interwoven. For this reason, I firmly believe that cooperation plays a vital role in sustaining peace and controlling today’s complicated society.
Even assuming the above is very plausible, people who disagree with my view may argue that games are not helpful for adults. Like the following proverb, “The child is father of the man,” they assert that games cannot change one’s characteristics. I somewhat agree with this assertion. Yet, I still emphasis my position because there is one more important matter to consider: Adults can stay healthy by participating in sports games.
As people age, they have a greater chance of contracting diseases or becoming fat. To illustrate, we can look at my uncle’s case. He underwent lung surgery after his retirement. According to his doctor, the main reason he needed this operation it is that he had not exercised when he was young. These days, my uncle recovered his health because he has worked out regularly. As far as I know, he goes to the mountains every week. What’s more, many clinical studies have shown that 30 percent of Korean men suffer from being overweight. For this reason, I strongly believe that games can provide us with better lives.
To summarize, although everyone may hold a different position on whether games are valuable to adults or not, my position is that games are important to adults. In fact, games may be more important to adults than children. My rationale is that games teach adults a sense of cooperation as well as help adults live healthier lives when they exercise.
Games instill a sense of cooperation regardless of age. Hence, even though adults are already grown, games give them an opportunity to learn the importance of mutual aid and are reminded of that importance as they play on a regular basis. As you know, as human beings, we are social animals. Everything in the world is mutually interwoven. For this reason, I firmly believe that cooperation plays a vital role in sustaining peace and controlling today’s complicated society.
Even assuming the above is very plausible, people who disagree with my view may argue that games are not helpful for adults. Like the following proverb, “The child is father of the man,” they assert that games cannot change one’s characteristics. I somewhat agree with this assertion. Yet, I still emphasis my position because there is one more important matter to consider: Adults can stay healthy by participating in sports games.
As people age, they have a greater chance of contracting diseases or becoming fat. To illustrate, we can look at my uncle’s case. He underwent lung surgery after his retirement. According to his doctor, the main reason he needed this operation it is that he had not exercised when he was young. These days, my uncle recovered his health because he has worked out regularly. As far as I know, he goes to the mountains every week. What’s more, many clinical studies have shown that 30 percent of Korean men suffer from being overweight. For this reason, I strongly believe that games can provide us with better lives.
To summarize, although everyone may hold a different position on whether games are valuable to adults or not, my position is that games are important to adults. In fact, games may be more important to adults than children. My rationale is that games teach adults a sense of cooperation as well as help adults live healthier lives when they exercise.
2009년 3월 12일 목요일
2009년 3월 11일 수요일
Journal Topic of the week 2
Q. What type of English teacher do you want to be? Describe an idealistic figure of English teacher in your mind and explain why.
Since when I was an elementary student, I have dreamt to become an English teacher. Therefore, it's been quite a time I started to think about the virtue of a good English teacher. I understand that an idealistic figure of English teacher can vary depending on person, but in my opinion, English teacher must have these elements at full.
First off, a good English teacher must be fully equipped with his or her major, English Language. It would not make sense at all to teach, if students' English skills overshine the teacher's one. School is not a cram school, so each class, every students have a diffrent level of English proficiency. So English teacher must be able to teach everyone of them with a relevent level of teaching skill so that the students can keep up with class's curriculum. That means good English teacher must have a large spectrum of English teaching and language efficiency. Especially, in korea many English teachers seem to lack in English speaking and writing skills, which is the two very important skills for communication through English. So a good English teacher must be specialized in these skills.
Secondly, good English teacher must be not only a teacher who just gives knowledge in one way, but a mentor who can also teach students the other aspects of life, besides studying. Teacher must be a good listener and counselor, so that students can visit him or her easily.
Lastly, English teachers must have good cultural understanding of English-speaking countries, especially the United States and the United Kingdom, the two big speakers of English language. Language comes after the culture has formed so culture is one of the most influential factor that consists of a language. For example, English has had its form through a long period of time and during that time it had many influences of other languages such as French or German. So these kinds of understanding may help teachers create a better curriculum in his or her lectures.
As a conclusion, even though the virtues of a good English teacher may vary depeding on people, I think basically English teachers must be specialized in teaching English and mentoring. Also they should have a good understanding of English language itself in terms of culture, too.
2009년 3월 10일 화요일
Writing Material
Although the computer's ability to translate is remarkable, its abilities do yet reach our expectations.
In the case of languages whose stems are totally different, computers have more difficulty translating from one language to another language.
Countless people would like to print out materials acquired from the Internet. This implies that printed materials are easier or more comfortable to read than a computer screen.
The Korean Ministry of Education has attempted to initiate e-books, which implies that this innovation may have potential compared to traditional books.
Throughout time, animals have been close to human beings.
Animals have been sources of food and clothing. Before the advent of today's remarkable textile and food industries, channels for food and clothing were scarce.
Racial consciousness can be higher when schools are segregated.
Students in segregated schools show a tendency to consider their culture as the best.
Students’ uneasy emotions can lead to unsettled actions.
Teachers and parents working together can be one of the best methods to help students in trouble.
It allows us to gain new experiences.
Students can advance their knowledge and expand their horizons by being exposured to new cultures abroad.
Lingua franca has occurred throughout the world.
Speaking the English language has caused the world's cultures to draw closer together.
Because English has been considered dramatically important, people today pay less attention to being educated in their mother tongue.
Often, children or youth are unprotected while their parents are working.
The computer contributes to an increase in youth crime.
When it comes to raising children, the quality of education should surpass the quantity of education.
Furthermore, the government needs to become involved in reducing youth crime rates.
Parents should at least give a phone even though they are living hectic lives .
In English-speaking countries, we are exposed to the English language in our daily lives.
Hybrid buses, which are fuel efficient, are now available.
If the elderly live in clubs, they will not be a burden to their sons and daughters.
A club for elderly men can give them to have opportunities make friends with their peers and thus lead to greater enjoyment in life.
Today's technology is developing quickly. It is demanding for people to keep track of the changes.
In Korea, retirement comes earlier in a person’s life than in the past.
Animals have long been used in medical experiments. These experiments have expanded our horizons in science.
In the hospital, electromagnetic waves negatively influence surgeries..
Mobile phones are not permitted in the hospital.
If radio waves are not detrimental to surgeries conducted in the hospital, the use of mobiles phones can be more beneficial than a beeper.
Over time, the arts have provided us with a lot of pleasure.
Science cannot replace the arts because science cannot express deep and delicate emotions and thoughts that the arts can reveal.
After retirement, the elderly may suffer from financial problems. If these problems are severe, the government should subsidize their living. In this case, people must pay more taxes.
The balance of the National Pension in Korea may collapse.
The advent of aerial technology has allowed us to travel to other places more quickly.
If planes were not available, how could we travel to other countries? Further, the world economy and politics would be paralyzed.
In urban areas, security measures have a positive impact on reducing crime rates.
Security measures can violate people’s privacy and rights.
Machines have already replaced many things that humans used to do.
Teachers’ primary role is to equip students with knowledge.
Who will teach students the difference between right and wrong? When it comes to religion, many believe teachers should take a neutral attitude..
In the case of drugs, rape, deceit, and other ills, teachers must instill fear of such perils.
Is there a vehicle that can replace airplanes?
In the long run, airplanes may be replaced by other vehicles that are more fuel-efficient.
What will happen if we limit the use of airplanes?
The increased the cost of fuel will be a burden to us.
Elderly people have difficulties keeping track of today’s fast-changing technology.
Young people are less likely to know how to behave toward elderly people.
Students can make a lot of friends in school.
Parents can be considered the best teachers.
Edison and the Wright brothers have dramatically advanced science. The former invented television and the latter invented airplanes. Their inventions have allowed us to experience other worlds.
Countless researchers and medical doctors have worked to find the keys to incurable diseases.
Some people don’t like museums because they are perceived as boring. The displays in the museum are almost always the same. Thus, if museums can eliminate such prejudice, they can attract more visitors.
The role of a museum is to teach people about history. History, however, can be lackluster.
Both are important. Museums need to pursue aspects of both entertainment and history.
Language is deeply related to culture. Unless we understand a country’s cultures, we will have trouble effectively communicating with native speakers.
Understanding cultures is not easy; thus, this difficulty can detract students from focusing on learning a language.
In the long run, especially at a high level, mastering a language must go hand-in-hand with understanding culture.
Advertising can make people aware of good items.
----
These are the topics that can be used for practicing a TOEFL Writing.
I will keep write one essay per a week out of these topics.
In the case of languages whose stems are totally different, computers have more difficulty translating from one language to another language.
Countless people would like to print out materials acquired from the Internet. This implies that printed materials are easier or more comfortable to read than a computer screen.
The Korean Ministry of Education has attempted to initiate e-books, which implies that this innovation may have potential compared to traditional books.
Throughout time, animals have been close to human beings.
Animals have been sources of food and clothing. Before the advent of today's remarkable textile and food industries, channels for food and clothing were scarce.
Racial consciousness can be higher when schools are segregated.
Students in segregated schools show a tendency to consider their culture as the best.
Students’ uneasy emotions can lead to unsettled actions.
Teachers and parents working together can be one of the best methods to help students in trouble.
It allows us to gain new experiences.
Students can advance their knowledge and expand their horizons by being exposured to new cultures abroad.
Lingua franca has occurred throughout the world.
Speaking the English language has caused the world's cultures to draw closer together.
Because English has been considered dramatically important, people today pay less attention to being educated in their mother tongue.
Often, children or youth are unprotected while their parents are working.
The computer contributes to an increase in youth crime.
When it comes to raising children, the quality of education should surpass the quantity of education.
Furthermore, the government needs to become involved in reducing youth crime rates.
Parents should at least give a phone even though they are living hectic lives .
In English-speaking countries, we are exposed to the English language in our daily lives.
Hybrid buses, which are fuel efficient, are now available.
If the elderly live in clubs, they will not be a burden to their sons and daughters.
A club for elderly men can give them to have opportunities make friends with their peers and thus lead to greater enjoyment in life.
Today's technology is developing quickly. It is demanding for people to keep track of the changes.
In Korea, retirement comes earlier in a person’s life than in the past.
Animals have long been used in medical experiments. These experiments have expanded our horizons in science.
In the hospital, electromagnetic waves negatively influence surgeries..
Mobile phones are not permitted in the hospital.
If radio waves are not detrimental to surgeries conducted in the hospital, the use of mobiles phones can be more beneficial than a beeper.
Over time, the arts have provided us with a lot of pleasure.
Science cannot replace the arts because science cannot express deep and delicate emotions and thoughts that the arts can reveal.
After retirement, the elderly may suffer from financial problems. If these problems are severe, the government should subsidize their living. In this case, people must pay more taxes.
The balance of the National Pension in Korea may collapse.
The advent of aerial technology has allowed us to travel to other places more quickly.
If planes were not available, how could we travel to other countries? Further, the world economy and politics would be paralyzed.
In urban areas, security measures have a positive impact on reducing crime rates.
Security measures can violate people’s privacy and rights.
Machines have already replaced many things that humans used to do.
Teachers’ primary role is to equip students with knowledge.
Who will teach students the difference between right and wrong? When it comes to religion, many believe teachers should take a neutral attitude..
In the case of drugs, rape, deceit, and other ills, teachers must instill fear of such perils.
Is there a vehicle that can replace airplanes?
In the long run, airplanes may be replaced by other vehicles that are more fuel-efficient.
What will happen if we limit the use of airplanes?
The increased the cost of fuel will be a burden to us.
Elderly people have difficulties keeping track of today’s fast-changing technology.
Young people are less likely to know how to behave toward elderly people.
Students can make a lot of friends in school.
Parents can be considered the best teachers.
Edison and the Wright brothers have dramatically advanced science. The former invented television and the latter invented airplanes. Their inventions have allowed us to experience other worlds.
Countless researchers and medical doctors have worked to find the keys to incurable diseases.
Some people don’t like museums because they are perceived as boring. The displays in the museum are almost always the same. Thus, if museums can eliminate such prejudice, they can attract more visitors.
The role of a museum is to teach people about history. History, however, can be lackluster.
Both are important. Museums need to pursue aspects of both entertainment and history.
Language is deeply related to culture. Unless we understand a country’s cultures, we will have trouble effectively communicating with native speakers.
Understanding cultures is not easy; thus, this difficulty can detract students from focusing on learning a language.
In the long run, especially at a high level, mastering a language must go hand-in-hand with understanding culture.
Advertising can make people aware of good items.
----
These are the topics that can be used for practicing a TOEFL Writing.
I will keep write one essay per a week out of these topics.
2009년 3월 9일 월요일
TOEFL Essay Week 2
There has been an ongoing debate over the pros and cons of mandatory curriculum for as long as I can remember. Some point out that such compulsory courses may prevent students from thinking creatively. However, others believe that university should encourage students to choose their own classes. I agree with the former stance.
To begin with, if a school makes courses optional, many students, perhaps most, are reluctant to take courses in ethics, history, and philosophy. The reasons might be that they are too boring, and that they are not relevant for their future success . History, believe that is very relevant to today’s world. We can be sure to learn something about the future by studying history since it repeats itself. Furthermore, legendary figures, such as Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Buddha, and Genghis Khan, have inspired countless of today’s leaders . This well insinuates that history (as well as other courses ) can teach us invaluable lessons.
But, even assuming the above is very plausible, some may argue that mandatory courses limits students’ creativity and ingenuity. I concede this idea. But, I still put an emphasis on required courses because there is a more important matter to consider:
Students can be more successful if they follow the courses proposed by university. The curriculum is planned carefully by experts in the administration and on the faculty. Their roles are to lead students down correct paths. So, my point is that students can better prepare for their future success in both their future studies and employment. The chance to fail will be much lower than that made by students.
To sum up, people disagree on this issue . Yet, , I firmly believe that required courses have more advantages than optional ones. This is because history, ethics, and philosophy classes offer students wisdom, and they have the support or many educational specialists.
To begin with, if a school makes courses optional, many students, perhaps most, are reluctant to take courses in ethics, history, and philosophy. The reasons might be that they are too boring, and that they are not relevant for their future success . History, believe that is very relevant to today’s world. We can be sure to learn something about the future by studying history since it repeats itself. Furthermore, legendary figures, such as Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Buddha, and Genghis Khan, have inspired countless of today’s leaders . This well insinuates that history (as well as other courses ) can teach us invaluable lessons.
But, even assuming the above is very plausible, some may argue that mandatory courses limits students’ creativity and ingenuity. I concede this idea. But, I still put an emphasis on required courses because there is a more important matter to consider:
Students can be more successful if they follow the courses proposed by university. The curriculum is planned carefully by experts in the administration and on the faculty. Their roles are to lead students down correct paths. So, my point is that students can better prepare for their future success in both their future studies and employment. The chance to fail will be much lower than that made by students.
To sum up, people disagree on this issue . Yet, , I firmly believe that required courses have more advantages than optional ones. This is because history, ethics, and philosophy classes offer students wisdom, and they have the support or many educational specialists.
2009년 3월 7일 토요일
A first week of my freshman year
Ok, I have to say it was not exciting or full of fun. Totally out of my expectation.
The campus is so crowded with students so I had to wait quite a long time to get my lunch at cafeteria. I was so confused with my schedule since the first week of semester is a revision week. Every students allow to take any lectures and to decide whether he or she take the lecture or drop it. Most of the lectures that I want to take is not available and some lectures fall on time. It pissed me off a lot.......
But other than these, I was happy with my college life with so many good friends and professors. I hope I can keep holding this feeling until I graduate.
The campus is so crowded with students so I had to wait quite a long time to get my lunch at cafeteria. I was so confused with my schedule since the first week of semester is a revision week. Every students allow to take any lectures and to decide whether he or she take the lecture or drop it. Most of the lectures that I want to take is not available and some lectures fall on time. It pissed me off a lot.......
But other than these, I was happy with my college life with so many good friends and professors. I hope I can keep holding this feeling until I graduate.
TOEFL Essay Week 1
People have been debating the pros and cons of improving computer technology as far back as I can remember. However, many people are against it because the development of computer technology requires a huge outlay of capital at a time when many, if not most people in the world, are suffering from a lack of fundamental necessities. I agree with this stance against computer development and present my reasons below.
People around the world, especially in Africa, are undernourished. They don’t have enough money to buy basic needs. A recent UNICEF report reveals that a third of the children in Africa do not have enough food. Accordingly, UNICEF has put a special emphasis on this matter in an attempt to reduce starvation. They point out that if we each send just one dollar to Africa, the people of Africa will be free of worries for two days.
But, even assuming the above is very plausible, some may argue that with the advent and rapid development of technology, today’s world has provided us with greater conveniences. One of the best illustrations is the Internet. These days, countless people can access a vast wealth of information with a single click of a mouse. It’s very convenient. This idea is compatible with mine, but there is one important matter to consider.
The earth is gradually weakening. Even though current high-tech products give us a greater enjoyment of life, if the future of the earth is threatened, saving it will be imperative. Although science has made the impossible possible, and the unrealistic realistic, its advances have been more of a curse than a blessing. For example, we are now suffering from air pollution, scorching summers, massive flooding, and so forth. Do you still believe we should focus on improving science? The more we concentrate on science, the worse the earth will become. Now is the time to look after the earth.
To sum up, everyone may hold a different position on this issue. But, in my case, all things considered, I firmly believe that spending money on basic needs is a better idea. This is because many people throughout the world are malnourished, and the earth needs our protection.
People around the world, especially in Africa, are undernourished. They don’t have enough money to buy basic needs. A recent UNICEF report reveals that a third of the children in Africa do not have enough food. Accordingly, UNICEF has put a special emphasis on this matter in an attempt to reduce starvation. They point out that if we each send just one dollar to Africa, the people of Africa will be free of worries for two days.
But, even assuming the above is very plausible, some may argue that with the advent and rapid development of technology, today’s world has provided us with greater conveniences. One of the best illustrations is the Internet. These days, countless people can access a vast wealth of information with a single click of a mouse. It’s very convenient. This idea is compatible with mine, but there is one important matter to consider.
The earth is gradually weakening. Even though current high-tech products give us a greater enjoyment of life, if the future of the earth is threatened, saving it will be imperative. Although science has made the impossible possible, and the unrealistic realistic, its advances have been more of a curse than a blessing. For example, we are now suffering from air pollution, scorching summers, massive flooding, and so forth. Do you still believe we should focus on improving science? The more we concentrate on science, the worse the earth will become. Now is the time to look after the earth.
To sum up, everyone may hold a different position on this issue. But, in my case, all things considered, I firmly believe that spending money on basic needs is a better idea. This is because many people throughout the world are malnourished, and the earth needs our protection.
2009년 3월 6일 금요일
1111 Actual Vocabulary
01. abandon = desert, discard, leave 버리다, 포기하다, 떠나다
02. abolish = eliminate 폐지하다 annul, nullify, repeal
03. abort = quit 유산, 사산하다, 발육이 멈추다
04. above all = most importantly, first and foremost 우선, 무엇보다
05. abrupt = sudden 갑작스런, 불시의 unexpected
06. absorb = take in, soak up 흡수하다
07. abundant = plentiful, bountiful, profuse, copious 풍부한, 많은
08. accessible = available, reachable 사용가능한, 접근가능한
09. accommodate = adjust to, adapt to 적응시키다, 알맞게 하다
10. accommodate = make room for, lodge, hold, contain 숙박시키다, 수용하다
11. accomplish = achieve 이루다, 성취하다
12. accordingly = consequently, as a result, therefore 따라서, 그러므로
13. account = description 이야기, 서술
14. account for = explain, describe 설명하다
15. account for = make up, comprise 차지하다, 구성하다
16. accumulate = build up, deposit, collect 모으다, 축적하다
17. accurately = correctly, exactly, precisely 정확히, 틀림없이
18. accustomed = usual, customary, habitual 늘하는, 평소의, 습관적인
19. acquire = gain, obtain, procure 얻다, 획득하다
20. actually = in fact, really, practically, virtually 실제로, 정말로
21. adapt = adjust 적응시키다, 각색(번안)하다
22. adaptability = ability to change 적응성, 적합성
23. address = speech, speak to 연설, 강연
24. address = approach, deal with 접근, 대처하다
25. adhere = stick, attach 들러붙다, 부착하다
26. adjacent to = nearby, next to, close to 가까운, 근처의, 인접한
27. administered = given 다스린, 영향을 준, 시행된
28. adroit = skillful 솜씨좋은, 기술좋은
29. advent = arrival, introduction 출현, 도래, 시작
30. adverse = negative, unfavorable 반대의, 해로운 harmful
31. advocate = support, recommend, uphold 옹호, 지지하다
32. affection = liking, fondness 애정
33. affiliation = association, membership 입회, 가입, 합병, 제휴
34. affluence = wealth, profusion 풍요, 다량
35. agents = agent 화학물질 / representatives 화학물질/ 대리인, 중개인
36. agile = quick and active 재빠른, 날쌘
37. aging = old 오래된, 늙은
38. alarm = fear , upset 놀래키다
39. alarming = upsetting, startling, shocking 놀래키는, 위급한
40. alleviate = mitigate, relieve, assuage 고통을 완화시키다, 누그러뜨리다
41. ally = link, connect 연결, 연합하다
42. allocate = provide, designate, assign 할당하다, 배분하다
43. allure = appeal 매혹하다, 사로잡다
44. alter = modify, change, revise 바꾸다, 고치다
45. alteration = change, modification 변경, 개조, 수정
46. alternate = rotate, interchange 교대하다, 번갈다
47. alternative = substitute, option 대안, 교대, 양자택일
48. although = but, whereas 그러나, 비록 ~일지라도
49. altogether = in total, collectively 전적으로, 완전히, 아주
50. amazing = remarkable 놀라운, 경탄할 만한
51. ambivalent = unsure, undecided, mixed (feelings) 불안정한, (감정 등이) 애매한
52. amenities = facilities 시설물, 설비
53. amenities = pleasant situation 즐거움, 오락
54. amiable = friendly 상냥한, 친절한
55. ample = plentiful, sizable, vast, profuse, abundant 풍부한, 충분한
56. amplify = increase, enlarge, augment 확대, 증폭, 증가하다
57. an array of = a group of = a host of 나열된, 많은
58. analogous = comparable, similar to 유사한
59. ancient = old, outdated 고대의, 오래된
60. annual = yearly 해마다의, 매년
61. antiseptic = clean 살균의, 깨끗한
62. anticipate = expect 기대하다
63. anticipated = foreseen 기대한, 예견된
64. antiquity = ancientness, antique 매우 오래됨, (고대) 유물
65. antithesis = opposite, contrary 대조, 정반대
66. apart from = except for ~은 제외하고, 별도로 하고
67. apparatus = device, tool 기구, 용구
68. apparent = clear, obvious, evident 분명한, 명백한 ambiguous, implicit
69. appear = come into view, emerge, arise 나타나다, 생기다
70. applicability to = relevance to 적용, 응용, 타당
71. appreciably = noticeably 뚜렷하게, 두드러지게
72. apprehend = grasp 붙잡다. 이해하다
73. approach = move toward, come together 다가가다, 접근하다
74. approach = method 접근방법
75. apt = suitable, appropriate ~하기 쉬운, ~할듯한, 적절한
76. archaic = old fashioned, ancient 고대의, 구식의, 오래된
77. archive = record 문서기록(보관소)
78. ardent = enthusiastic, eager, passionate 열광적인, 맹렬한
79. arduous = difficult, strenuous 몹시 힘드는, 어려운
80. area = tract, expanse, scope 구역, 영토
81. archaic = old-fashioned 구식의, 오래된
82. arid = dry, barren 불모의, 건조한
83. article = item 항목, 물품
84. arise = originate, emerge, appear 일깨우다, 유발하다
85. argue = claim, assert 주장하다
86. arouse = stimulate 자극하다,
87. arrangement = mechanism 구조 , 배열
88. artifact = object 인공물, 공예품, 인공유물
89. as a rule = generally 일반적으로, 대개
90. as a whole = all together 전체적으로, 통틀어서
91. aspire = seek 추구하다, 열망하다
92. assemble = bring together, gather, cluster, group 모으다, 군집하다
93. assess = evaluate 평가하다
94. asset = advantage, property 장점, 재산
95. assert = declare, maintain, claim 단언하다, 선포하다
96. assertion = strong statement 주장, 단언
97. associate = connect, relate 연합, 연결하다
98. assume = take on (태도,색채,역할) 떠맡다, 띠다
99. assume = suppose, think 가정하다
100. astute = clever 통찰력있는, 기민한
101. as well = in addition 게다가, 또한
102. at hand = accessible, available 쓸수 있는, 이용가능한
103. at once = immediately 즉시
104. at the same time = simultaneously 동시에
105. atmosphere = air, tone 대기, 공기, 분위기
106. attain = accomplish, achieve, reach 이르다, 도달하다
107. attest to = confirm 입증, 증명하다
108. attractive = appealing 매력적인
109. attribute to = ascribe to, explain by 원인을 돌리다, ~로 설명하다
110. attribute = characteristic, trait, quality, nature, property 특징, 특성, 속성
111. augment = add up, increase 늘리다, 증대하다
112. authentic = genuine 진정한, 사실의 artificial, imaginary, fictitious
113. available = obtainable, usable, at hand 쓸모있는, 이용가능한
114. avenue = means, way 길, 수단, 방법
115. avid = eager, enthusiastic 열성적인, 열렬한
116. avoid = stay away from 회피하다, 멀리하다
117. backbone = spine/ foundation 등뼈, 척추 / 토대, 근간
118. bare of = naked, uncovered, without 벌거벗은, ~없는
119. barely = scarcely 간신히, 가까스로
120. barge = ship 바닥이 평평한 짐배
121. barren = empty, unproductive, arid 불모의, 불임의, 건조한
122. barrier = obstacle, impediment 장벽, 장애물
123. barter = trade, exchange 물물교환, 교역하다
124. bear resemblance to = be similar to, be alike 비슷하다, 유사하다
125. be at odds with = disagree with ~와 불화/불일치하다
126. be considered (as) = be thought of (as) ~로 간주되다, 생각되다
127. be marked (by) = be characterized (by) ~의 특징을 나타내다
128. beckoning = inviting 신호하다, 부르다
129. besides = in addition to 게다가, 더욱이
130. block = prevent, confine 폐쇄하다, 막다
131. blossom = bloom, flourish 번성하다
132. boldly = bravely, daringly 용감대담하게, 뻔뻔하게
133. bonds = ties, links 묶는 것, 연결끈
134. boom = expansion/ flourish, prosper, thrive 급격한 증가, 발전 / 번성하다
135. boost = increase, raise, elevate 밀어올리다, 지지, 후원하다
136. boundary = border 경계, 한계선
137. bounds = limits 범위, 경계, 한도
138. bountiful = plentiful, abundant, profuse 풍성한, 충분한
139. branch = division, department 부서, 지부
140. break = resting period 휴식
141. breakdown = collapse, decomposition 붕괴, 고장, 분해
142. breakthrough = (sudden) advance 돌파구, 비약적 진전, 타개책
143. breed = reproduce, raise, generate 새끼낳다, 번식하다
144. bridle = harness, halter 굴레씌우다, 속박하다
145. brisk = active, fast, energetic 활발, 민첩한
146. broaden = enlarge 넓히다
147. bromide = dull remark 진부한 생각, 흔해 빠진 일
148. bulk = great quantity, majority , main part 대용량, 대부분
149. burden = load, cargo, freight / responsibility 화물, 짐 / 부담, 책임
150. burden = impose 부담주다, 짐지우다
151. by and large = in general 일반적으로
152. calculate = determine, compute 계산, 산출하다
153. call for = require, demand 요구하다
154. camouflage = hide, disguise, conceal 위장, 변장하다
155. capacity = ability 능력
156. capitalize on = take advantage of 이용하다
157. caption = title, subtitle 부제, 제목
158. capture = catch, seize 붙잡다, 손에넣다
159. cargo = load, freight 화물, 짐
160. carry = transmit, transport, convey 나르다, 운송하다
161. cast = group 구성원들, 집단
162. catastrophic = disastrous, extreme 재난의, 파멸시키는
163. cautious = careful, prudent, heedful, discreet 조심스런, 신중한
164. cede = yield, give way 양보하다, 인도, 양도하다
165. celebrated = famous, renowned 유명한, 명성있는
166. certain = particular, specific, given 정해진, 특정한
167. certainty = exactment, exactness (객관적) 확실성, 정확한 것
168. challenge = difficulty 도전, 어려운 문제, 노력의 목표
169. chaotic = disorganized, tumultuous 혼돈스런, 무질서의
170. characteristic = trait, property, attribute, quality, condition 특징, 성질, 특질
171. cherished = valued, prized 소중한, 마음에 품은
172. chief = principal, leading 주요한, 우선적인
173. choice = highly desirable 엄선된, 최상의
174. chronic = persistent, habitual 장기적인, 만성적인
175. circumstance = situation 상황
176. clarify = elucidate, make clear 분명히 하다, 밝히다
177. classify = categorize, group 분류하다, 구분하다
178. cling to = stick to, hold tightly 매달리다, 달라붙다, 집착하다
179. close = intimate (relationship)/ careful (examination) 친근한 (관계 등) / 면밀한 (조사 등)
180. clout = influence, power 권력, 영향력, 힘
181. cluster = group, gather, assemble 한묶음, 집단, 군집하다
182. coarse = crude, rough 거친 (사람, 사물)
183. codified = classified 성문화된, 부호화된
184. cohesion = unity 점착, 단결, 유대, 통합
185. cohesive = adhesive 응집성있는, 점착하는
186. coincidence = occurrence at the same time 동시발생, 우연
187. collaborate = cooperate, joint efforts, group effort 공동으로하다
188. collect = gather, accumulate, glean 모으다, 수집하다
189. collectively = together 함께, 집합적으로, 일괄적으로
190. collide = hit each other/ run into 충돌하다 / 마주치다
191. colonize = inhabit 거주하다, 군체를 형성하다(동식물)
192. colossal = huge, enormous, immense 엄청난, 거대한
193. commemorate = celebrate 기념하다, 기리다
194. commerce = trade 교역, 무역, 통상
195. comparable = analogous, similar, equivalent 비슷한, 비교할 수 있는
196. comparably = relatively 비교적, 상대적으로
197. compel = oblige, force, urge 강제하다, 강요하다
198. complement = supplement 보충, 보완하다/ 보충물
199. complex = group of buildings 복합빌딩, 대형단지
200. complex = complicated, intricate 복잡한
201. complicate = complex, elaborate 복잡하게 만들다
202. component = constituent, element, ingredient, part 구성요소
203. composition = makeup 구성, 합성
204. comprehensive = complete, inclusive 종합적인, 포괄적인
205. comprehensible = understandable 이해할 수 있는, 납득할 수 있는
206. comprising = forming 구성하는, 이루는, 포함하는
207. comprise = consist of, make up, include ~로 이루어지다, 구성하다
208. compulsory = obligatory, requisite, required 강제적인, 의무적인
209. concentrate = center 집중되다; 밀집하다
210. concentrate on = focus on 집중하다
211. conclusively = decisively 결정적으로, 끝으로=finally
212. concomitant = concurrent, simultaneous 공존하는, 동시 발생하는
213. concrete abstract 구체적인 추상적인
214. conditions = characteristics 조건, 특징
215. configuration =arrangement 상대적 배치, 구조배열, 정렬
216. confine = limit, restrict 가두다, 한정하다, 제한하다
217. consecutive = successive, continuous 연속적인, 연속되는, 잇따른
218. consensus = agreement 합의사항, 동의
219. consequence = result, effect / importance 결과, 여파, 결론 / 중요성
220. consequently = as a result, thus, therefore 결과적으로, 따라서
221. conserve = retain, save 보존, 유지하다, 계속 유지하다
222. consider = think about 여기다, 생각하다, 숙고하다
223. considerable = great, substantial, significant 상당한, 막대한, 중요한
224. consistent = regular 일관된, 꾸준한, 변함없는
225. constant = steady, gradual, continuous 꾸준한, 지속적인
226. constellation = collection 별자리, 집합체
227. constraint = limit, limitation, restriction 제한, 구속, 제약
228. construe = interpret 번역하다, 해석하다
229. consume = use up, eat 소비, 소모하다
230. contemporary = current, modern, the same time 동시대에 일어난, 현대의
231. contention = debate, conflict 논쟁, 싸움, 다툼
232. contrive = invent, devise 고안, 발명하다
233. controlled = structured 통제된, 조직화된
234. controversial = debatable, arguable, disagreeable 논쟁의, 이견이 있는
235. converge = meet, come together 모이다, 수렴하다 발산, 퍼지다 diverge
236. conversely = on the other hand, inversely 역으로, 반대로
237. convert = change, transform, turn 개조하다, 변환하다
238. conviction = strong belief 신념
239. cope with = deal with 대처하다
240. compensate for = make up for 갚다, 보상하다
241. copious = plentiful 풍부한, 막대한
242. core = center, nucleus, central idea 핵, 중심부, 요점
243. controversy = disagreement 논쟁, 불일치
244. costly = expensive 비싼 reasonable, affordable, cheap
245. counsel = advise 권하다(recommend), 조언하다
246. counter= opposite, antithesis 반대, 역
247. counterpart = equivalent 사본, 짝, 동등한 것
248. covet = desire, lust 열망, 갈망하다
249. craft = skillfully produce 제조하다, 제작하다
250. crawl = move 기어가다, 움직이다
251. creative = inventive, original 창조력 있는, 독창적인
252. crest = peak, summit 정상, 절정
253. criteria = standards 판단기준, 표준
254. critical = important 중요한/ crucial 필수적인/ decisive결정적인/ faultfinding 비판적인
255. crude = simple, primitive/ rough, raw 조잡한, 단순한/ 가공하지 않은
256. cultivate = farm, grow 경작하다, 기르다
257. culminate in = result in, accumulate, climax 축적하다, 결과가 되다
258. curb = control 억제하다, 억누르다(check)
259. curiously = oddly, surprisingly 호기심에서, 이상하게도, 놀랍게도
260. debris = fragment, splinter, remnant 자취, 파편, 부스러기
261. decay = decompose, break down 부패하다, 썩다
262. deceptive = misleading, incorrect 속이는, 가치판단을 흐리는, 부정확한
263. decisive = definitive, conclusive 결정적인, 중대한
264. dedicated = devoted 헌신적인, 몰두한
265. deem = consider, regard, view as 생각하다, 여기다
266. definite = exact, unquestionable 정확한, 명확한, 확실한
267. degree = extent, range, scope 단계, 정도, 범위
268. delicate = dainty 섬세한, 민감한, 고상한
269. deliberate = intentional / careful 고의적인,계획적인 / 신중한
270. delineate = outline, trace 윤곽 그리다, 형체 알아보다, 묘사하다
271. demanding = rigorous, harsh 요구가 많은, 가혹한
272. demise = death, end, decline 사망, 소멸, 말년
273. demolition = destruction 파괴
274. demonstration = confirmation, evidence 증명, 확증, 증거
275. denote = signify 표시하다, 나타내다
276. dense = thick 짙은, 밀도높은
277. density = concentration 밀도, 밀집상태
278. depend on = rely on 믿다, 의지, 신뢰하다
279. depict = represent, portray, describe 묘사하다, 그리다
280. depleted = used up, devoid, exhausted 다써버린, 고갈된
281. deposited = laid down, placed 놓여진, 두어진
282. derive from = originate from, obtain from 이끌어내다, 파생하다, 얻다
283. detect = perceive 찾아내다, 간파하다, 탐지하다
284. descent = decline / lineage, ancestry 하강, 하락/ 가계, 혈통 = pedigree
285. desert = abandon, leave 버리다, 떠나다
286. designed = intended, planned, created 계획적인, 고의의
287. desperate = hopeless 필사적인, 절망적인
288. detach = separate 분리하다
289. deteriorate = worsen, exacerbate, wear out (가치나 질을) 악화, 저하시키다
290. determine = decide, calculate 결정하다, 측정하다
291. detrimental = harmful, damaging 해로운, 이롭지 못한 adverse
292. devoid (of) = empty, free (of), lacking 결여된, 없는
293. dictate = determine 결정하다
294. dilate = expand 팽창, 확장하다 contract=shrink 수축하다
295. diligently = carefully 공들여, 애써서
296. dilute = reduce, thin, weaken 희석하다, 약화하다 concentrate, strengthen
297. dim = faint, ambiguous 흐릿한, 희미한
298. diminutive = tiny, small 소형의, 작은, 미세한
299. disaster = calamity, catastrophe 천재지변, 재난, 재해
300. discard = abandon, throw away, get rid of 버리다, 폐기하다
301. discern = distinguish, differentiate 차이를 분별하다, 구분하다
302. discernible = observable 알아볼 수 있는, 인식할 수 있는
303. disclose = reveal 드러내다, 폭로하다
304. discrepancy = difference 차이, 불일치, 어긋남
305. discrete = distinct, separate 분리된, 별개의, 구분되는
306. discriminate = distinguish 분간하다, 판별하다
307. disintegrated = fallen apart 분해된, 해체된
308. dismantle = break up, fall apart 분해, 해체, 철거하다
309. disperse = scatter, spread out, diffuse 흩어지게 하다, 분산시키다
310. display = show, exhibit 전시하다, 보여주다
311. dispose = array, arrange 배치, 정렬하다
312. disposition = temperament 성질, 기질
313. disrupt = interfere with, interrupt, upset 방해, 붕괴, 뒤집어 엎다, 혼란시키다
314. disassemble = break apart 분해하다, 해체하다
315. disseminate = spread, disperse 유포하다, 퍼뜨리다
316. dissimilar = different 서로 다른
317. distinct = definite, clear, separate 뚜렷한, 구분되는
318. distinctive = unique, characteristic 남과 구분되는, 독특한, 특징적인
319. distinction = difference/ characteristic/ honor 차이/구별, 특징/ 명예
320. distinguishing = defining, distinct 구분짓는, 뚜렷한
321. distribute = supply, circulate, spread 분배, 배급, 배포하다
322. diversity = variety 변화, 다양성
323. divert = redirect 방향 바꾸다, 전환하다
324. doctrine = tenet, principle, dogma 교리, 주의, 신조, 정책
325. documented = recorded 인용된, 기록된
326. domain = region, territory 영역, 분야, 영토
327. domestic = home 가정의, 국내의, 국산의
328. dominant = leading, prevailing 우세한, 지배적인
329. dominated = prevalent 지배적인, 우위에 있는
330. dormant = inactive, hibernating 움직이지 않는, 겨울잠자는
331. drastic = extreme, radical, severe 철저한, 극심한, 급진적인
332. drawback = disadvantage 결점, 약점
333. draw = pull, attract (짐) 끌다, (흥미, 매력으로) 이끌다
334. drift = float 뜨다
335. drive = effort / motivate/ force 노력하다/ 동기유발하다/ 강제하다
336. drought = dry period, lack of moisture 가뭄 홍수, 범람 flood, inundation
337. duration = lasting period, span, length 지속 기간, 존속시간
338. durable= long lasting, tough 오래가는, 튼튼한, 내구성있는
339. duplicate = copy, imitate/ identical 복사, 복제하다/ 똑같은
340. dwarf giant 소인, 작은별 거인, 큰별
341. dwindle = decrease, diminish 작아지다, 줄어들다
342. eager = enthusiastic, avid 갈망하는, 열렬한
343. ease = reduce 쉬게하다, (고통,불편을) 덜어주다
344. easily = readily, quickly 쉽사리, 용이하게
345. echo = repeat, reverberate 메아리치다, 반향하다, 되풀이하다
346. edge = margin, rim, periphery 가장자리, 테두리
347. editions = versions, volumes 권, 판
348. elaborate = complicated, complex, detailed 정교한, 복잡한
349. element = part, factor, component 구성 요소
350. elicit = bring out 이끌어내다, 도출하다
351. eliminate = remove, get rid of 없애다, 제거하다
352. elude = escape, avoid 피하다, 빠져나가다
353. embed = encase, implant 끼워 넣다, 심다
354. embody = incorporate, represent 구체화하다, 통합하다
355. emerge = appear, come out, arise 나타나다, 생기다
356. emergence = appearance 출현, 등장
357. emergent = developing 발생하는
358. emit = release, give off, discharge, issue 방출하다, 뿜다
359. emphasize = stress, underscore 강조하다, 중요시하다
360. employ = use, adopt, utilize 이용하다, 사용하다, 채택하다
361. encapsulate = state briefly 캡슐에 넣다, 요약하다
362. enclose = surround, include 둘러싸다, 포함하다
363. encompass = include, surround 둘러싸다, 포함하다
364. encourage = motivate, promote, stimulate 용기주다, 격려하다
365. encroach = invade, intrude 침입하다, 침범하다
366. endangered = threatened, imperiled 위태로운, 멸종위기의
367. endeavor = strive, struggle, task , enterprise 노력하다, 애쓰다 / 과업, 시도
368. endorse = support, champion, advocate, approve 배서하다, 뒷받침, 지지하다
369. endow = grant, bestow, confer, donate, give 주다, 기부하다
370. end = goal, objective, cause 목적, 목표, 대의
371. engage = hire/ involve 사용하다 / 관련하다
372. engaged = occupied, involved, busy 관련한, 몰두한, 바쁜
373. engrave = carve, incise 새겨넣다, 깎아내다
374. engrossed = occupied, engaged, immersed 몰두해 있는
375. enhance = improve, enrich, strengthen, elevate (가치를) 높이다, 강화하다
376. enlarge = expand 확장하다
377. enlist = obtain 구하다, 모집하다
378. enormous = huge, vast, tremendous, immense 거대한, 어마어마한
379. ensue = follow 잇따르다, 결과로서 일어나다
380. ensure = guarantee, insure 보증하다, 확실히 하다
381. entail = require, involve 수반하다, 필요로하다
382. enterprise = undertaking, project 사업, 어려운 과업
383. enthusiastic = eager 열성적인, 열심인
384. entice = allure, attract 유혹, 유인하다
385. entire = whole, complete 전체의
386. environment = ecosystem, setting, locality 환경, 주위, 자연환경
387. equip = furnish (설비 등) 갖추다
388. equitable = fair, just 공정한, 공평한
389. equilibrium = balance 균형
390. era = period, age 시대
391. eradicate = eliminate, root up, destroy 뿌리뽑다, 없애다
392. erect = build, construct, throw up 세우다, 건설하다
393. erode = diminish, wear away gradually 서서히 파괴하다, 침식하다
394. erratic = irregular 불규칙한, 산만한
395. erroneous = wrong, incorrect 잘못된, 오류의
396. erupt = explode, break out 분출하다, 폭발하다, 발발하다
397. especially = notably, specifically 특히
398. essential = crucial, vital, important/ fundamental, basic 중요한/ 근본적인
399. establish = institute, organize, found, set up 설립하다, 수립, 확립하다
400. established = qualified, widely accepted 인정된, 정통한, 정평있는
401. esteem = respect 존중, 존경하다
402. estimate = calculate, predict/ assess, judge 추정, 견적,예산잡다/ 평가, 판단하다
403. eventual = later 추후의, 나중의
404. eventually = ultimately, finally 결국, 언젠가는
405. evident = apparent, clear, obvious, manifest 분명한, 명백한
406. evoke = arouse, stimulate 불러일으키다
407. evolve = develop 발전하다
408. euphoria = extreme happiness 극치, 행복감
409. exacerbate = worsen, intensify 악화시키다, (나쁜 상황을) 강화하다
410. examine = inspect, investigate, probe 조사하다, 검사하다
411. excavate = uncover, dig, unearth 파다, 발굴하다
412. exceed = go beyond, surpass, excel 능가하다, 월등하다
413. exceedingly = extremely 대단히, 몹시
414. exceptional = unusual, extraordinary 예외적인,뛰어난ó ordinary, usual
415. excluding = other than, except 제외하는 배제하는
416. execute = perform, do 수행하다, 실행하다
417. exercise [talent] = use 활용하다, <권력 등을> 행사하다
418. exert = apply 행사하다
419. exhausted = tired, depleted 소진한, 지친, 다써버린
420. exhibit = show, feature, display 나타내다, 보여주다
421. exorbitant = excessive 과도한, 지나친
422. exotic = unusual 색다른, 이국풍의
423. expand = inflate, increase 늘리다, 부풀리다
424. expanse = area (넓은) 공간
425. expediency = advantage 유리한 점, 이점, 편의성
426. expend = use, spend, consume 쓰다, 소비하다
427. expertise = skill 전문기술
428. explicit = clear, obvious, overt, manifest 명확한, 분명한
429. exploit = use, utilize 이용, 활용하다
430. exploit = accomplishment, feat 업적, 성취
431. extant = remaining 현존하는, 남아있는 멸종한, 사라진 extinct, vanished
432. extensive = far-reaching, broad, wide 광범위한, 막대한, 넓은
433. extent = degree, range, scope 범위, 한도
434. extinct = die out, outdated, vanished 멸종한, 소멸된, 없어진
435. extol = praise, exalt, trumpet 칭송하다, 격찬하다
436. extract = derive, draw, remove, abstract 뽑아내다, 이끌어내다, 발췌하다
437. extracted (from) = removed (from) (~에서) 뽑아낸, 추출된, 제거된
438. extraordinary = exceptional 비범한, 특출한
439. extreme = severe, drastic, radical 과도한, 심한
440. exude = release, ooze out 배어나오게 하다, 내뿜다
441. facet = aspect, phase 면, 양상, 측면
442. facilitate = make easier, aid, assist 쉽게 하다, 돕다
443. fade away = disappear, diminish 시들다, 희미해지다, 사라지다
444. faint = dim, feeble 희미한, 가냘픈, 어렴풋한
445. far-reaching = broad, extensive 넓은 범위에 미치는, 광범위한
446. fascinate = greatly interest, attract, intrigue 매혹하다
447. fashionable = popular 유행하는
448. fashion out of = make from ~로 만들다
449. favor = approval, popularity 호의, 지지, 애호, 찬성
450. feasible = practicable, possible, plausible 실현가능한, 있을법한, 타당한
451. feasting = eating 연회하는, 배불리 먹는
452. feature = characteristic 특색, 특징을 이루다
453. feeble = weak 연약한
454. fertile = productive 비옥한, 생산력 있는
455. ferry = transport 수송하다
456. fervent = passionate, ardent 열심한, 열렬한
457. figure = shape / sculpture, statue/ number 모양, 인물/ 조각상/ 수치
458. finance = pay for 자금을 공급하다, 지불하다
459. fine = tiny, minute, delicate 가느다란, 작은, 미세한, 섬세한
460. find one’s way into = enter 들어가다, 가다
461. first and foremost = leading, chief, above all 최우선의, 주요한, 주목할만한
462. fit = adapt, suit 맞추다, 적응시키다
463. fix = repair/ attach 고치다 / 고정시키다
464. flake = fragment 조각, 파편, 단편
465. flavor = taste 맛, 풍미, 취향
466. flawless = unblemished, perfect 흠없는, 결점없는, 완벽한
467. float = drift, hover 부유하다, 떠다니다
468. flood = inundation, deluge 홍수, 범람
469. flourish = prosper, thrive, bloom, succeed 번성, 성공하다
470. fluctuate = move up and down, vary 변하다, 변동하다
471. fluctuation = variation 변동
472. foliage = leaves 나뭇잎
473. follow suit = do the same 따라하다, 선례를 따르다
474. forage = feed, search for food 식량 모으다, 찾다
475. forestall = prevent 미연에 방지하다, 선수치다
476. forge = create replacement 위조하다
477. form = be created 형성되다 (shape), 만들어지다
478. former = previous, prior 이전의, 앞선
479. formerly = previously 이전에, 예전에
480. formidable = causing dread, frightening 무시무시한, 엄청난
481. forsake = abandon, leave 버리다, 그만두다, 떠나다
482. foster = promote, bring up 촉진하다, 기르다, 마음에 품다
483. fragile = easily broken, breakable, frail 약한, 잘 깨지는
484. fragmenting = breaking up 조각내는, 부서지는
485. fragmentary = incomplete 조각난, 불완전한
486. fragrant = aromatic, scented 향기나는
487. frigid = very cold, freezing 쌀쌀한, 몹시 추운
488. fuel = encourage, boost, stimulate 격려하다, 밀어올리다
489. fulfill = accomplish, satisfy, meet, suit (약속,요구조건등) 실행,충족시키다
490. function = purpose, ceremonial event, operation 기능, 작용, 의식, 역할
491. fuse = mix, blend 융합하다, 섞다
492. fundamental = basic, underlying, radical/ essential 기초적, 토대 이루는/ 중요한
493. furthermore = in addition, additionally, moreover 추가로, 게다가, 더욱이
494. fusion = union 융합, 통합
495. gainful = lucrative, profitable 이득되는, 유리한
496. gap = difference 차이점, 격차
497. gather = collect 모으기, 모임, 수집
498. gauge = measure, judge, assess 측정하다, 판단,평가하다
499. generate = produce, yield 발생시키다
500. go through = penetrate, experience 뚫고나가다, 통과하다; 경험[체험]하다
501. glean = gather, collect 모으다, 수집하다
502. given (at any given time) = particular, specified 지정된, 특정한
503. given over to = used for / dedicated to 위탁, 양도된/ 헌신된, 바쳐진
504. glean = gather, collect 모으다, 수집하다
505. golden age = at its peak, heyday 최전성기, 황금기, 한창때
506. gorgeous = magnificent, wonderful 훌륭한, 멋진
507. govern = regulate, control, manage 통제, 통치, 관리하다
508. gradual = slow, steady 점진적인
509. grasp = seize / apprehend 붙잡다 / 이해하다
510. greenhand = untrained worker, apprentice 초보자, 미경험자, 견습공
511. groundless = unfounded, without a reason 이유, 근거없는
512. guard = protect, shield 보호하다, 지키다
513. guess = conjecture, speculate 추측하다, 근거없이 짐작하다
514. guide = direct, instruct 지도하다, 이끌다
515. habitat = dwelling, home, habitation 서식환경, 서식지
516. halt = stop 정지, 중단(시키다)
517. hamper = restrict, hinder, impede, obstruct 제한, 저지, 방해하다, 막다
518. harness = utilize, use (도구로) 자연력 이용하다, 동력화하다
519. harness = tool 도구, 굴레
520. harsh = severe, strict, rigorous 엄한, 가혹한
521. haul = pull 끌다
522. have nothing to do with = be not related to 관련 없다
523. hazardous = dangerous, risky 위험한, 모험적인
524. height = peak, pinnacle, summit 정상, 꼭대기
525. heighten = elevate, increase 높이다, 증가시키다
526. hence = consequently, therefore, thus 따라서, 그러므로
527. henceforth = from now on, from then on 지금부터는, 향후
528. hiatus = interruption 틈, 균열, 중단
529. hierarchy = social rank 계급제,
530. hide = camouflage 숨기다, 감추다, 보호색
531. high (pressure) = intense 높은 (압력), 강한
532. highly vulnerable = easily damaged 상처받기 쉬운, 쉽게 상처받는
533. hinder = interfere with, tamper with 방해하다, 간섭하다
534. hint = indication 암시, 표시
535. hold = contain 수용하다, 담다
536. hold = believe 신봉하다; 생각하다, 간주하다
537. hollow = empty, vacant 텅빈, 속빈, 공허한
538. (a) host of = a group of = a large number of 다수의, 많은
539. house = place 수용하다, 안전하게 두다
540. hub = center, central point 중심, 핵심
541. hue = color, shade 색, 색조
542. huge = mammoth, tremendous, enormous, immense 매우 큰, 막대한
543. hybrid = combination, mixed breed 혼혈, 잡종, 혼합
544. hygiene = cleanness 위생, 청결
545. hypothesis = theory 이론, 가설
546. ideally = perfectly 이상적으로, 완벽하게
547. identical = same, indistinguishable 똑같은, 구분할수 없는 ó different
548. ignite = set on fire, kindle 점화하다, 불붙이다
549. illumination = lighting 조명
550. illusion = impression 환영, 환상 (막연한 느낌)
551. imaginable = conceivable, possible, feasible 상상할 수 있는,가능성 있는
552. imaginative = creative 상상력 풍부한, 창의적인
553. immediate = nearest 가장 가까운, 당장의
554. immense = enormous, tremendous, numerous 엄청난 (크기, 수, 정도)
555. immoral = improper 부도덕한, 부적절한
556. immutable = unchangeable 불변의
557. impact = influence 영향, 효과
558. impair = damage, injure 손상시키다, 해치다
559. impede = interrupt, prevent, hamper 지체하다, 방해하다
560. impediment = obstacle 장애물, 방해, 저해요인
561. impervious = resistant 견디는, 저항하는
562. implement = tool / execute, perform 도구/ 실현, 실행하다
563. implausible = unconvincing 설득력 없는, 가능성 없는
564. impetus = stimulus 추진력, 원동력
565. imposing = substantial, heavy / impressive 상당한, 부담스러운 / 인상적인, 으리으리한
566. improvised = unplanned, spontaneous 즉석의, 즉흥의
567. inadvertently = unintentionally 부주의하게,무심코, 의도하지 않게
568. inconceivable = unimaginable 상상할 수 없는, 생각조차 못하는
569. in any case = regardless 어느 경우든, 여하튼
570. in charge of = responsible for 관리하는, 책임있는
571. in effect = virtually, essentially 사실상, 본질적으로
572. ineffectively = without any results 비효율적으로, 결과없이
573. in fact = actually, virtually, indeed 사실상
574. infinite = unlimited 무한한, 끝없는
575. in opposition to = counter to ~에 반대하여
576. in proximity to = close to, near 가까이에
577. in spite of = regardless of ~에도 불구하고
578. in terms of = with respect to, in reference to ~에 관해, ~라는 점에서
579. in the course of = during ~중에,하는 동안
580. incessant = unceasing, constant, continuous 중단없는, 지속적인, 끊임없는
581. incipient = initial 시작의, 처음의, 초기의
582. incise = cut, carve 새기다, 절개하다
583. incisive = acute, keen, sharp 날카로운, 예리한, 신랄한
584. inclination = tendency, preference 경향, 성향
585. incompletely = partially 불완전, 불충분하게, 부분적으로
586. inconsequential = unimportant, trivial 중요치 않은, 사소한
587. incorporate = include, contain/ integrate, combine 포함하다/ 통합하다
588. incredible = unbelievable, remarkable 믿을수 없는, 엄청난
589. indicate = show/ suggest, point out 표시하다/ 암시하다
590. indifferent = uninterested, apathetic 무관심한, 개의치 않는
591. indigenous = native 원주민의, 토착의
592. indispensable = essential, requisite, necessary 필수불가결의, 꼭필요한
593. individual = distinct, characteristic 개별적인, 독특한, 특징적인
594. induce = generate/ evoke 유발하다,일으키다
595. inept = incompetent 적성없는, 능력없는, 부적합한
596. inert = motionless, inactive 자력으로 움직일수 없는, 타성의, 불활성의 ó active
597. inevitable = unavoidable, certain, without exception 피할 수 없는, 필연적인
598. infectious = contagious 전염성의
599. infinite = limitless, unlimited 무한한, 한없는
600. inflated = expanded 부푼, 팽창된
601. influential = important, powerful 영향력있는, 유력한, 세력있는
602. infrastructure = foundation 하부구조, 토대
603. infrequent = sporadic, intermittent, occasional 때때로, 산발적인
604. ingenious = clever, innovative 영리한, 재주있는
605. ingenuity = inventiveness 발명 재간, 창의력, 연구심
606. inhabit = live in, dwell in 서식하다, 거주하다
607. inherent = inborn, innate, intrinsic, congenital 타고난, 선천적인, 유전적인
608. inherent in = characteristic of 내재된, 고유의
609. inhibit = restrict, hinder, prevent 억누르다, 방해하다
610. inimical = unfriendly, hostile 비우호적인, 적대적인
611. initiate = start, begin, commence, pioneer 시작하다, 개시하다
612. innocuous = harmless 무해한
613. innovation = change 새로운 것, 혁신
614. innovative = new, original, creative 혁신적, 창의적인
615. innumerable = countless, numberless, myriad 무수히 많은
616. inspect = examine 조사하다, 점검하다
617. inspired = motivated 영감을 받은, 고취된
618. intact = unchanged, unaffected, whole, complete, in one piece 손상되지 않은, 온전한
619. integral = essential, whole, entire 없어서는 안될, 완전한, 전체의
620. integrate = unify 통합하다, 완전하게 하다
621. intense = high, strong 강한, 높은, 강렬한
622. intensify = strengthen, reinforce, fortify 강화하다, 증대하다
623. intention = purpose/ willingness (의도된) 목적 / 의도, 의향
624. intentionally = purposefully, deliberately 의도적으로, 계획적으로
625. intertwined = interwoven 뒤얽힌, 긴밀히 연관된
626. intricate = complex, complicated 복잡한, 얽힌
627. intrigue = fascinate, attract 음모를 꾸미다, 흥미를 끌다
628. invariably = always, without exception 예외없이, 반드시, 언제나
629. inwardly = into the center, secretly 안쪽으로, 내부적으로
630. invent = devise, create 고안해내다, 만들다
631. irreparable = permanent 고칠수 없는, 영속적인
632. irreversible = permanent 뒤집을 수 없는, 영원한
633. issue = question, matter 쟁점, 논점, 문제점
634. jeopardize = endanger, threaten 위태롭게 만들다
635. join = connect / meet 연결, 결합하다 / 합치다, 만나다
636. judicious = wise, discreet, sensible 분별력있는, 현명한
637. junction = connection 연결
638. keen = sharp /intelligent 날카로운/ 명석한
639. key = substantial, very significant 중대한, 핵심적인
640. kiln = furnace 화덕, 불가마
641. lacking = without, missing ~이 없이, 부족하여
642. lading = cargo 선적, 뱃짐
643. landslide = victory 산사태, 대승리
644. largely = mostly 대개
645. launch = set afloat/ start, begin 배띄우다/ 시작하다, 착수하다
646. lavish = deluxe 후한; 사치스러운; 아끼지 않는
647. leading = dominant, main, chief 선두의, 지도적인, 주된
648. legitimacy = authority 합법, 적법성
649. legitimate = legal, lawful 합법적인, 적법한
650. leisurely = relaxed 느긋한, 여유로운
651. lethargic = sluggish 무기력한, 권태로운
652. levy = impose, tax, draft 징수하다, 소집하다
653. likewise = similarly 또한, 마찬가지로
654. limit = restrict, confine 제한하다, 한정하다
655. limited = restricted, narrow 제한된, 좁은
656. link = connect, put together 잇다, 연결하다
657. locality = locale, place, site 현장, 장소
658. locomotion = movement 운송, 이동수단
659. look = gaze, stare, peer 보다, 응시하다
660. luxuriant = thriving 무성한, 울창한
661. magnificent = superb 웅장한, 당당한, 최고의
662. mainly = generally 대개, 일반적으로
663. maintain = sustain, continue 유지하다, 지속하다
664. maintain = claim, assert 주장하다
665. make their way = travel 가다, 나아가다, 잘되다
666. make up = constitute, compose, invent 구성하다, 만들다, (거짓으로) 꾸미다
667. mammoth = huge, gigantic, massive 거대한
668. mandatory = required, compulsory 필수적인, 강제의, 의무적인
669. manifest = definite, obvious, apparent 명백한, 분명한
670. manifest = reveal, demonstrate 드러내다, 증명하다
671. manifestation = demonstration 표명, 명시
672. mask = cover 감추다, 가리다
673. match = equal 필적하다, 대등하다
674. manageable = affordable 감당할 수 있는,
675. manipulate = manage, handle 조종, 조작하다, 다루다
676. material = physical 물질적인, 육체적인, 중요한
677. maturity = adulthood 성숙, 원숙, 완성
678. maximum = large quantity 최대, 최대량
679. meager = scarce, lacking, short 불충분한, 부족한
680. mean = average 평균
681. means = method, way 수단, 방법
682. material = physical 물질적인
683. merely = simply, only 오로지, 단지, 겨우
684. metamorphose = change, transform 변화시키다, 변태하다
685. migrate = travel, move, emigrate, immigrate 이주하다, 이동하다
686. minimal = scant 최소화한, 최소의
687. minute = very small, tiny, miniscule 미세한, 아주 작은, 상세한
688. mirror = reflect 반영하다
689. mock = imitate, pretend 흉내내다, 모방하다
690. modest = limited 많지 않은
691. modification = alteration, change 변화, 변경, 수정
692. molten = melted <금속, 암석 등이> 녹은
693. monitor = check, investigate 감시,조사하다, 점검하다
694. monotonous = boring, unvarying, tedious 단순한, 단조로운
695. more or less = almost, approximately 대략
696. most crudest = primitive 천연 그대로의, 원시적인, 미숙한
697. mounting = increasing 증가하는
698. multiplicity = variety 다양성, 다채로움
699. mundane = ordinary 평범한, 세속의
700. myriad = numerous, innumerable, many 무수한
701. naked (eye)= bare, unassisted, unaided 벗은, 육안의
702. nature = characteristic, trait, property 특성, 본성, 성질
703. nevertheless = nonetheless = yet, however, although 그러나, 그럼에도 불구하고
704. nocturnal ( daytime 밤의, 야간의 ( 낮의
705. notwithstanding = in spite of 에도 불구하고
706. nurture = care for 키우다, 양육하다
707. notable = remarkable, important, distinguished 주목할만한, 훌륭한, 유명한
708. noted = recorded 기록하다
709. notion = idea, general idea, opinion, conception 개념, 관념, 견해, 의견
710. novelty = rarity, originality, innovation 신기한 것, 새로운 것, 발견
711. object = goal, aim, objective/ items 목적, 목표 / 물품
711. oblige = require, compel 강요하다, 요구하다
712. obliterate = erase 지우다, 삭제하다
713. obscure = uncertain, unclear, dim / conceal 희미한, 애매한/ 가리다
714. obsolete = outdated, archaic, out of use 구식의, 쓸모없어진
715. obstacle = impediment, barrier 방해, 장애물
716. occasion = event 상황, 경우, 사건
717. of high priority = very important 우선하는, 중요한
718. offset = (counter)balance, equal 상쇄하다, 균형을 맞추다
719. offspring = children, progeny 자손, 새끼
720. ominous = threatening, warning 불길한, 위협적인
721. once in a while = periodically 때때로, 주기적으로
722. on the contrary = conversely, however 이와 반대로
723. on the spot = instantly 즉석에서, 그자리에서
724. ongoing = continuous, developing 계속적인, 진행중인
725. onset = outset, beginning, inception, start 개시, 착수
726. ooze = move slowly, exude, flow 스며나오다, 분비하다(secrete)
727. operate = function, work, perform 작동하다, 기능하다
728. ordinary = routine, customary 평범한, 일상적인
729. originated in = were grown from 생기다, 기원하다
730. ornamental = decorative 장식적인, 장식용의
731. ornamentation = decoration 장식
732. out of the question = impossible 불가능한, 논외의
733. outrageous = shocking 엄청난, 터무니없는
734. outstanding = remarkable / unpaid 두드러진, 훌륭한/ 미결의, 미불의
735. outweigh = become important than ~보다 중요하다
736. overwhelming = staggering 압도적인, 엄청난
737. owing to = because of, due to ~덕분에, 때문에
738. pace = speed 보조, 속도
739. paradoxical = seemingly contradictory 역설적인, 모순된
740. parcel out = distribute 나누다 divide, 배분하다
741. pare away = remove 껍질을 잘라내다, 깎아내다
742. parody = mimicry, imitation 모방, 흉내
743. particular = specific, given / picky 특유의, 독특한, 특정한 / 까다로운
744. partially = incompletely, unfairly 부분적으로,불충분하게,편파적으로
745. pastime = hobby, diversion 기분전환, 취미, 오락
746. patch = area 영역, 부분
747. patchy = irregular, incomplete 불규칙한, 부분적인
748. patron = customer, supporter 후원자, 단골고객
749. peak = height, mountaintop, summit 산꼭대기, 봉우리, 정점
750. peculiar = specific, special, unusual, odd 특유한,독특한, 이상한, 별난
751. penetrate = pierce, enter 관통하다, 꿰뚫다, 파고들다
752. perceptibly = noticeably, appreciably 눈치챌 수 있을 정도로, 상당히
753. perforate = pierce 구멍을 내다, 꿰뚫다
754. period = era 시대, 기간
755. periodically =at intervals, regularly 정기적으로/ from time to time, occasionally 가끔
756. periphery = edge 주변, 외연, 둘레 =circumference
757. perish = disappear, spoil 사라지다, 사멸하다
758. perishable = easy to spoil 소멸하기 쉬운, 썩기쉬운
759. permanent = everlasting, fixed 영원한, 고정된, 영속적, 불변의
760. perpetual = constant, everlastiing 영속적인, 끊임없는
761. persist = continue, endure, last 지속,존속하다,버티다/remain 살아남다
762. persistent = continuous, persisting 지속적인, 버티는, 끈질긴
763. perspective = viewpoint, prospect 시각, 관점, 전망, 예상
764. pervade = penetrate, spread 널리퍼지다, 파고들다, 스며들다
765. pervasive = widespread, prevalent 널리퍼지는, 보급하는
766. phase = state, period, facet, stage 단계, 국면, 시기
767. phenomenal = extraordinary 보통일이 아닌, 놀랄만한
768. pierce = perforate 꿰뚫다, 관통하다; 구멍을 뚫다
769. piecing = joining (구멍끼리) 연결하는
770. pigment = color 색소, 색깔
771. pigmentation = coloring 염색, 색칠하기
772. pioneer = initiate, take the lead 개척하다, 인도하다
773. plausible = believable, feasible, probable, convincing(논의,이론등)이 그럴듯한, 가능한
774. play = perform 하다, 수행하다
775. pledge = promise 맹세, 서약하다
776. plentiful = abundant, bountiful, copious, profuse, ample 풍부한, 많은
777. plumage = feathers 새의 깃털
778. ponder = consider, think about 숙고하다, 생각하다
779. pore = hole, space, opening 빈틈, 공간, 구멍
780. portion = part, segment, constituent 일부분
781. potent = strong, powerful, influential 강력한, 유력한
782. potential = possible, promised, possibility 가능한, 가망있는, 잠재력(있는)
783. practical = effective 실제의, 실용적인
784. pragmatic = practical 실용적인
785. practice = use, custom usage 관습, 관례, 실행
786. preeminent = foremost, significant 현저한, 탁월한, 출중한
787. precede = come before 선행하다, 앞서다
788. precious = valuable, valued 귀중한, 값있는
789. precise = accurate, exact 정확한, 꼼꼼한, 엄밀한
790. preclude = prevent, rule out 미리막다, 배제하다
791. predominantly = primarily, chiefly 주요하게, 지배적으로
792. premise = assumption 전제, 가정
793. preoccupation = fascination, concern, involvement 열중, 몰두, 선입관
794. preordain = determine before 미리 결정짓다 (운명 등)
795. preparing = readying 준비하는
796. preserve = maintain, sustain 보존, 유지하다, 지속하다
797. pressing = urgent 긴박한, 위급한
798. presumably = probably, possible, supposedly, maybe, perhaps 가정상, 아마도
799. prevail = triumph, win, dominate 능가, 압도하다, 유력하다, 이기다
800. prevalent = widespread, dominant 널리퍼진, 주도적인
801. primitive = most crudest, primeval, prehistoric, early 원시의, 고대의, 초기의
802. principally = chiefly, mainly 대개, 주로
803. prior = previous, before, past 먼저, 이전에, 앞서서
804. procure = obtain 획득, 조달하다
805. professional = specialized 전문적인, 본업의 amateur
806. proficient = expert, skillful 숙달한, 숙련된, 능숙한
807. profound = deep/ intense / significant 깊은, 극심한, 의미심장한
808. profuse = abundant, plentiful, lavish, copious, affluent 풍부한, 많은
809. programmed = planned 계획된
810. prohibit = ban, inhibit 금지하다
811. prohibitively = extremely (expensive) (가격 등) 터무니없이
812. proliferate = increase in numbers, multiply 증식, 증가하다
813. prolonged = extended, lengthy 연장된, 길어진
814. prominent = remarkable, outstanding, distinguished, famous 탁월한, 유명한
815. promise = potential 약속, 잠재력, 가망
816. promote = further, encourage 촉진하다
817. pronounced = noticed, marked, distinct/ strong 뚜렷한, 강조된 / 강력한
818. propel = push, drive forward, force out 추진시키다, 재촉하다
819. proper = suitable, appropriate 적합한, 알맞은, 바람직한
820. property = characteristic, quality, attribute, trait, nature/ asset 고유특성, 속성 / 재산
821. proponent = supporter, advocate, exponent 제창자, 지지자, 대표자 opponent
822. proprietor = owner 소유주, 경영자->식민지영토 지배자
823. prospective = future 미래의, 앞으로의
824. prosper = thrive, flourish, succeed 번영, 번창, 성공하다
825. protruding = extending 돌출된
826. provided = if 만약~라는 조건이면
827. provisional = temporary 일시적인, 임시의
828. proximity = nearness, closeness 근접, 접근, 근접성
829. purify = cleanse, clear, refine 정화, 순화하다
830. purpose = intent, aim, goal / function 의도, 목적 / 용도, 효용
831. radical = fundamental, basic/ extreme, drastic 근본적인 / 급진, 과격한
832. ramification = consequence, outgrowth 가지치기, 여파, 파생결과
833. random = by chance, unsystematic, arbitrary 임의의, 무작위의, 임의적인
834. range = vary (범위가) 변동하다
835. rare = scarce, unusual, infrequent 드문, 진귀한
836. rate = classify 등급을 매기다
837. rather than = instead of 오히려, ~대신
838. raw = unprocessed, uncooked 가공하지 않은, 날것의
839. readily = easily/ immediately/ willingly 쉽게/ 즉시/ 기꺼이
840. realm = area, field, region, domain 영역, 범위, 분야
841. reap = obtain, gain 얻다, 거두다
842. receptacle = reservoir 저장소, 그릇
843. recorded = documented 기록된
844. recruit = obtain 모집하다, 충원해 얻다
845. recur = reappear, return 재발, 되풀이하다
846. recurring = recurrent, repeating, chronic 재발하는, 되풀이되는
847. redundancy = extra capacity 과잉, 여분, 중복
848. reflection = indication 반사, 반영, 반향 ; 감상, 의견
849. reform = change 개량, 개선, 개혁; 교정
850. refinement = improvement 정제, 제련, 개량하다
851. refract = distort, alter, bend 굴절시키다, 방향 바꾸다
852. refrain from = cease 삼가다, 자제하다
853. regardless of = without considering ~와 상관없이
854. reinforce = strengthen, intensify 강화, 증강하다
855. relatively = comparatively 비교적
856. release = discharge, emit, set free, give off 풀어주다, 내보내다, 분출하다
857. relevant = related, appropriate, applicable 관련있는, 적합한, 타당한
858. reluctant = unwilling, hesitant 내켜하지 않는, 마지못한
859. remarkable = incredible, noticeable, prominent, striking 주목할만한, 눈에띄는
860. render = provide, give / make/ represent, describe 주다 / 만들다/ 나타내다
861. renounce = give up, reject 포기, 단념하다
862. repel = drive away, repulse 쫓아내다, 물리치다
863. replenish = restore, put back 보급, 보충하다, 회수하다
864. replica = copy 복제품
865. represent = mean, symbol, portray 의미, 상징, 표현하다
866. reportedly = supposedly 소문에 의하면, 전해지기로는
867. representative = typical example 대표, 전형적인 것, 전형적인
868. reproduce = generate, spawn, copy, duplicate, breed 복제하다, 재생산, 새끼낳다
869. reputation = fame, renown, repute 명성, 평판
870. reserved = saved, restricted 남겨두다, 유보, 제한하다
871. residue = remains, sediment 침전물, 나머지, 잔여
872. respectively = in that order given 순서대로, 각각
873. respond to = react to 반응, 응답하다
874. result in = lead to, cause, bring about 결과하다, 이끌다, 일으키다
875. retain = keep 보유, 유지하다
876. retrospect = looking back 회고, 회상, 추억
877. retreat = withdraw 철수, 후퇴하다
878. revere = respect, esteem 존경, 숭배하다
879. revival = restoration 부흥, 부활
880. revolutionize = dramatically (completely) change 혁명하다, 엄청나게 변화시키다
881. rich < > sparse 풍부한 < > 부족한
882. rigid = hard, still 굳은, 딱딱한, 단단한
883. rigorous = strict, demanding, harsh, precise 엄격한, 가혹한, 꼼꼼정확한
884. right = all the way 죽, 줄곧 (부사용법)
885. ripe = favorable, mature 때가 무르익은, 준비된, 성숙된
886. rotate = turn 회전시키다, 교대시키다
887. rooted in = based on, originated from 뿌리내린, 뿌리깊은 (관습, 사상)
888. rough = coarse / approximate 거친 / 대략적인
889. roughly = approximately, about, some 대략, 약
890. routinely = regularly, commonly 일상적으로, 보통
891. rove = roam, wander 돌아다니다, 배회하다
892. rudimentary = basic 근본의, 기본의, 초보의, 단순한
893. rugged = uneven 울퉁불퉁한
894. ruinous = destructive 파멸을 부르는, 파괴적인
895. sacred = holy, religious 신성한, 종교적인
896. sanction = approval 인가, 찬성
897. satisfied by = fulfilled with 만족된, 충족된
898. save for = except for ~를 빼고, 제외하고
899. sink = drop to the bottom, submerge 가라앉다, 침수하다
900. scale = extent 단계, 등급, 정도
901. scant = little, minimal 모자란, 적은, 빈약한
902. scarce = short in supply, rare, limited 모자란, 희박한, 불충분한 abundant
903. scarcity = shortage 부족, 결핍
904. scatter = disperse, spread out, distribute 뿌리다, 흩뜨리다
905. scenic = beautiful 아름다운, 장관의
906. scented = fragrant 향기 나는
907. scrap = fracture, fragment 조각, 부스러기, 단편
908. scrutiny = examination 정밀조사
909. seemingly = apparently 겉보기에, 외관상
910. secure = obtain, gain 확보, 입수하다
911. sediment = residue, remains 퇴적물, 앙금
912. seek = search for, look for / try, endeavor 찾다, 추구하다 /노력하다
913. seething = overflowing, angry, boiling 끓어넘치는, 끓는, 분노한
914. segment = portion 부분
915. seize = take 붙잡다, 강탈하다, 몰수하다
916. seldom = infrequently, rarely 거의 ~ 않다, 드물게~하다
917. selected = peculiar, chosen, choice 선발된, 엄선된
918. self-sufficient = independent 자급자족할 수 있는, 독립적인
919. sequence = series, succession, progression 연속, 순서
920. serene = calm, peaceful 평온한
921. settle down = become orderly 가라앉다, 해결되다
922. sever = cut off, separate, cleave 분리, 절단하다
923. sheltered = protected 보호된
924. shield = protect 보호하다
925. shift = change, move 변화, 옮기다
926. show = display, exhibit 전시하다 (showcase)
927. shortcoming = disadvantage, difficulty, defect, drawback 결함, 단점
928. shrink = contract, become smaller, tighten 축소, 감소하다
929. shudder = tremor 전율, 떨림
930. signal = indicate 신호로 알리다
931. significant = important, substantial, remarkable, serious 중요한,상당한
932. simultaneously = at the same time, concurrently 동시에
933. sink = descend, fall slowly, drop to the bottom 하강하다, 내려가다
934. sites = places, locations 장소, 부지, 위치
935. situated = located 자리잡은, 위치한
936. sizable = large, great 상당한, 꽤큰
937. slight = minor 사소한
938. smell = scent, odor, fragrance, aroma 향기, 냄새
939. soak = absorb 흡수하다, 받아들이다
940. so far = up to present, until now 지금껏, 여태까지
941. solicitation = invitation 간청, 애걸복걸, 권유
942. sort = type, kind 종류
943. sole = only 유일한
944. sophisticated = complex / improved, refined 복잡 정교한 / 세련된
945. solidify = strengthen, harden 응고, 단결, 협동시키다
946. sort = type, kind 종류
947. source = origin 근원, 근본, 원인
948. span = duration, period 기간, 시대
949. spawn = lay eggs/ generate, produce 알낳다/ ~야기, 발생시키다, 생산하다
950. spectacular = impressive 인상적인, 극적인
951. spectrum = range, scope 연속체, 범위
952. speculate = suppose, hypothesize / gamble 사색, 추측하다/ 투기하다
953. speculative = unproven 사색적,이론적, 확실치 않은
954. split = divide 쪼개다, 나누다
955. sporadic = infrequent, occasional, intermittent 산발적인, 드문
956. spot = see 발견하다 = detect
957. spottily = occasionally, irregularly, intermittently 때때로, 산발적으로
958. spread = distribute 퍼뜨리다
959. spring up = suddenly arise 도약하다, 급증하다
960. spur = stimulate 박차를 가하다, 자극하다
961. staggering = overwhelming, astonishing 압도적인
962. stamina = endurance, vigor, energy 지구력, 원기
963. stand for = symbolize, represent 나타내다,의미하다
964. staple = basic item, basic food, basic 기본품목, 기본작물, 기본적인
965. startle = surprise 깜짝 놀래키다
966. stationary = not moving, fixed, immobile 정지된, 움직이지 않는
967. staunch = strong 튼튼한, 강력한
968. steadfast = firm 확고한, 변치않는
969. stealthily = secretly 비밀스럽게, 은밀히
970. stem from = grow out of, arise from, derive from, originate from 생겨나다, 유래하다
971. stick to = cling to, adhere to 붙다, 점착하다
972. stir = stimulate 자극하다, 휘젓다
973. stipulation = requirement 조항,규정, (계약) 조건, 약속
974. straightforward = clear, candid 곧은, 직접적인, 솔직한
975. strictly = precisely, rigorously, only 엄밀하게, 정확하게, 전적으로
976. strike = come in contact with 부딪히다, 접촉하다
977. striking = remarkable, hitting, impressive 치는, 인상적인, 뚜렷한
978. (a) string of = (a) series (of) 한줄, 연속의
979. sturdy = strong 강한, 튼튼한
980. stylus = pen 첨필, 가느다란 붓이나 연필
981. stylized < > realistic 정형화된, 양식화된 ( 실제적인
982. subdue = reduce 항복, 굴복시키다, 가라앉히다
983. submerged = underwater 물속의, 가라앉은
984. subsequently = later, afterwards 그후에 다음에, 이후에
985. subsidize = assist, aid, finance 보조금 주다, 원조하다
986. subsistence = survival, food 생존, 부양, 생존수단 (식량)
987. substantial = considerable, large, significant상당한, 실체 있는, 중요한
988. substitute = replace, exchange 대신, 대용하다
989. subterranean = underground 지하에 있는
990. succession = series, continuance 연속, 이어짐
991. suggest = indicate, show 보여주다, 알려주다
992. suggestion = implication 암시
993. suitable = appropriate, proper, fit 적합한, 알맞은
994. superficial = shallow, unimportant 피상적인, 표면상의, 하찮은
995. supervise = oversee 감독하다
996. surge = (sudden) increase, rise (큰파도)밀려오다, 쇄도, 급증
997. surmise = guess, speculate 추측, 짐작하다
998. surplus = extra, excess, 잉여, 초과, 남아도는 것
999. survive = remain 남아있다, 생존해있다
1000. susceptible = vulnerable, weak 영향받기 쉬운, 약한 immune, resistant
1001. suspect = believe / doubt ~라 생각하다 / ~임을 의심하다
1002. suspend = hang 매달다, 띄우다
1003. sustain = maintain, support, uphold 유지, 지속하다, 떠받치다
1004. sustainable = continuing, durable, enduring 지속적인, (환경,자원 등)유지하는
1005. sustenance = food 식량
1006. swell = expand, increase, rise 부풀다, 증가, 팽창하다
1007. swell = enlargement 증대, 부풀어오름
1008. symmetrical = balanced 대칭의, 균형잡힌
1009. synthesis = union, combination, unity, fusion 합성, 종합, 통합 analysis
1010. systematic = methodical, organized 체계적인, 조직적인
1011. swelling = enlargement 팽창
1012. take advantage of = make use of 이용하다
1013. take on = assume (책임, 역할 등) 떠맡다, (색채,음조 등) 띠다, 나타내다
1014. tailor = adapt, adjust 맞추다, 적응시키다
1015. tangible = material, physical / important 실질적인,물질적인, /본질적인,중요한
1016. task = duty, project 과제, 일, 과업
1017. telling = effective, clear, helpful 효과적인, 효력을 발휘하는
1018. tend to = be likely to, be prone to ~하기쉽다
1019. tending = attention 주의, 주목
1020. tendency = inclination, movement 경향, 움직임, 사조
1021. tenet = principle, doctrine 교리, 신조, 주의
1022. terminal = final 맨 끝에 오는, 최종적인
1023. terrain = land surface 지형, 지세
1024. terrestrial = earthly, land 땅의, 지구의
1025. territory = land, region, tract 토지, 지방, 영역, 분야
1026. testify = give evidence to 증언, 증명하다
1027. thanks to = because of ~덕택에, ~때문에(because of)
1028. thoroughly = completely 완전히, 철저하게, 완벽하게
1029. through = by ~을 통해, ~로써
1030. tie = relation 인연, 유대, 속박
1031. timid = shy 소심한, 겁많은
1032. title = ownership 소유권, 권리
1033. toiled = worked hard 힘써 일하다, 수고하다, 고생하다
1034. totally = completely 전적으로, 완전히
1035. tolerate = endure 견디다, 참아내다
1036. toxic = poisonous 유독한, 독성이 있는
1037. track = observe, follow 흔적을 쫓다, 추적하다
1038. trade = barter, exchange, commerce 매매, 교역하다, 교역, 상업
1039. traditional = conventional, customary, usually 인습적, 관습적인
1040. tranquil = peaceful, serene, calm 고요, 평온한
1041. transformation = change, transition, conversion 변화, 변용, 전이
1042. transition = move, change 화, 추이
1043. transitory = momentary, temporary 시적인, 지나가는
1044. transmit = communicate, convey, send 달하다, 알리다
1045. transparent = clear 투명한, 명쾌한, 알기쉬운
1046. transport = carry, convey 나르다, 운송하다
1047. trend = movement, tendency 경향
1048. tremendous = huge, enormous, great 엄청나게 큰, 어마어마한
1049. trigger = activate, set off, stimulate, cause 일으키다, 유발하다
1050. trivial = unimportant, insignificant 사소한, 하찮은
1051. trumpet = praise 칭송하다
1052. tumultuous = chaotic, unorganized 떠들썩한, 요란한, 혼란스런
1053. turbulent = violent, agitated 사나운, 동요시키는
1054. ubiquitous = very common, widespread 도처에 흔한, 널리퍼진
1055. ultimately = eventually, finally, in the end 결국, 마침내
1056. unadorned ( decorated 꾸미지 않은, 장식되지 않은 (
1057. unanimity = total agreement 만장일치
1058. unbearably = extremely 극심하게
1059. unbridled = unrestrained, unrestricted 억제, 제한되지 않은
1060. uncanny = extraordinary 신비로운, 대단한
1061. unceasing = continuing 끊이지 않는, 계속되는
1062. unconvincing = implausible 설득력 없는, 타당성없는, 가능성 없는
1063. undergoes = experiences 경험하다
1064. underpinning = foundation, basis 떠받치는 것, 토대, 기초
1065. undertake = attempt, engage in, 착수하다, 시도하다
1066. undisputed = accepted as rule 논란의 여지없는, 당연한, 확실한
1067. uneasy = unstable 불안정한, 불안한
1068. unsurpassed = superior, unequaled, unmatched, unparalleled 당할수 없는, 으뜸가는
1069. uniform = consistent, without variation, even 일정한, 한결같은, 변함없는, 고른
1070. unintentionally = accidentally 우연히
1071. unique = distinctive, characteristic, original 독특한, 특유의, 고유한
1072. unprecedented = unexampled, never seen before 유례없는, 전대미문의
1073. unpretentious = simple 겉을 꾸미지 않는, 젠체하지 않는, 수수한
1074. unquestionable = definite 의심할 나위 없는, 명백한
1075. unshakable = firm 확고한 , 굳은
1076. unwittingly = unintentionally 부지불식간에, 무심코
1077. upset = disturb, disrupt, reverse 뒤집다, 어지럽히다
1078. urge = encouragement 자극, 추진력, 충동
1079. utilize = employ, exploit, use 이용, 활용하다
1080. utilitarian = practical, pragmatic 실용적인, 유용한
1081. utterly = completely 전적으로, 순전히
1082. vacant = empty, hollow 텅빈, 공허한
1083. vagary = uncertainty, incorrectness 엉뚱한 언행, 변덕, 불확실함
1084. vaguely = slightly 모호하게, 다소, 약간
1085. vanish = disappear 사라지다
1086. variation = difference 차이점, 변화
1087. variety = diversity 다양성
1088. vast = expansive, extensive 광활한, 넓은
1089. vegetation=plants 초목, 식물
1090. vehicle = methods, means 수단, 방법, 매개물, 매체
1091. venture = dare 위험을 무릅쓰다, 감행하다
1092. versatile = all-around, adaptable, resourceful, flexible다재다능한, 용도가 많은, 만능의
1093. vestige = remnant, trace 흔적, 유물유적, 자취
1094. view as = consider ~으로 간주하다, 여기다
1095. viscous = thick, sticky 끈끈한, 점액질의
1096. vigorous = energetic 에너지 넘치는
1097. visual barrier = obstacle to view, obstruction 시각적 장애, 방해물
1098. vital = essential 필수적인, 생명에 관한
1099. vulnerable = susceptible, open to attack 약한, 공격당하기 쉬운
1100. wane = decrease, decline, fade away 감소하다, 쇠퇴하다
1101. warranted = justified 정당화된, 보증된
1102. whereas = although, while 한편, ~한 반면
1103. wholly = completely 전적으로, 완전히
1104. wiggle = move up and down / from side to side 꿈틀대다, 꼼지락거리다
1105. wield = use (권력,영향력) 휘두르다, 행사하다
1106. wit = humor 기지, 재치
1107. with respect to = in reference to ~ 에 관한, ~에 있어서
1108. withstand = resist, endure, oppose 저항하다, 견디다, 버티다
1109. wreak havoc on = cause destruction to 파괴하다, 황폐화하다
1110. yet = however 그러나, 그래도
1111. yield = produce / cede 생산, 산출하다 / 양보, 양도하다
--
My Goal: Study 50 of these in a week.
02. abolish = eliminate 폐지하다 annul, nullify, repeal
03. abort = quit 유산, 사산하다, 발육이 멈추다
04. above all = most importantly, first and foremost 우선, 무엇보다
05. abrupt = sudden 갑작스런, 불시의 unexpected
06. absorb = take in, soak up 흡수하다
07. abundant = plentiful, bountiful, profuse, copious 풍부한, 많은
08. accessible = available, reachable 사용가능한, 접근가능한
09. accommodate = adjust to, adapt to 적응시키다, 알맞게 하다
10. accommodate = make room for, lodge, hold, contain 숙박시키다, 수용하다
11. accomplish = achieve 이루다, 성취하다
12. accordingly = consequently, as a result, therefore 따라서, 그러므로
13. account = description 이야기, 서술
14. account for = explain, describe 설명하다
15. account for = make up, comprise 차지하다, 구성하다
16. accumulate = build up, deposit, collect 모으다, 축적하다
17. accurately = correctly, exactly, precisely 정확히, 틀림없이
18. accustomed = usual, customary, habitual 늘하는, 평소의, 습관적인
19. acquire = gain, obtain, procure 얻다, 획득하다
20. actually = in fact, really, practically, virtually 실제로, 정말로
21. adapt = adjust 적응시키다, 각색(번안)하다
22. adaptability = ability to change 적응성, 적합성
23. address = speech, speak to 연설, 강연
24. address = approach, deal with 접근, 대처하다
25. adhere = stick, attach 들러붙다, 부착하다
26. adjacent to = nearby, next to, close to 가까운, 근처의, 인접한
27. administered = given 다스린, 영향을 준, 시행된
28. adroit = skillful 솜씨좋은, 기술좋은
29. advent = arrival, introduction 출현, 도래, 시작
30. adverse = negative, unfavorable 반대의, 해로운 harmful
31. advocate = support, recommend, uphold 옹호, 지지하다
32. affection = liking, fondness 애정
33. affiliation = association, membership 입회, 가입, 합병, 제휴
34. affluence = wealth, profusion 풍요, 다량
35. agents = agent 화학물질 / representatives 화학물질/ 대리인, 중개인
36. agile = quick and active 재빠른, 날쌘
37. aging = old 오래된, 늙은
38. alarm = fear , upset 놀래키다
39. alarming = upsetting, startling, shocking 놀래키는, 위급한
40. alleviate = mitigate, relieve, assuage 고통을 완화시키다, 누그러뜨리다
41. ally = link, connect 연결, 연합하다
42. allocate = provide, designate, assign 할당하다, 배분하다
43. allure = appeal 매혹하다, 사로잡다
44. alter = modify, change, revise 바꾸다, 고치다
45. alteration = change, modification 변경, 개조, 수정
46. alternate = rotate, interchange 교대하다, 번갈다
47. alternative = substitute, option 대안, 교대, 양자택일
48. although = but, whereas 그러나, 비록 ~일지라도
49. altogether = in total, collectively 전적으로, 완전히, 아주
50. amazing = remarkable 놀라운, 경탄할 만한
51. ambivalent = unsure, undecided, mixed (feelings) 불안정한, (감정 등이) 애매한
52. amenities = facilities 시설물, 설비
53. amenities = pleasant situation 즐거움, 오락
54. amiable = friendly 상냥한, 친절한
55. ample = plentiful, sizable, vast, profuse, abundant 풍부한, 충분한
56. amplify = increase, enlarge, augment 확대, 증폭, 증가하다
57. an array of = a group of = a host of 나열된, 많은
58. analogous = comparable, similar to 유사한
59. ancient = old, outdated 고대의, 오래된
60. annual = yearly 해마다의, 매년
61. antiseptic = clean 살균의, 깨끗한
62. anticipate = expect 기대하다
63. anticipated = foreseen 기대한, 예견된
64. antiquity = ancientness, antique 매우 오래됨, (고대) 유물
65. antithesis = opposite, contrary 대조, 정반대
66. apart from = except for ~은 제외하고, 별도로 하고
67. apparatus = device, tool 기구, 용구
68. apparent = clear, obvious, evident 분명한, 명백한 ambiguous, implicit
69. appear = come into view, emerge, arise 나타나다, 생기다
70. applicability to = relevance to 적용, 응용, 타당
71. appreciably = noticeably 뚜렷하게, 두드러지게
72. apprehend = grasp 붙잡다. 이해하다
73. approach = move toward, come together 다가가다, 접근하다
74. approach = method 접근방법
75. apt = suitable, appropriate ~하기 쉬운, ~할듯한, 적절한
76. archaic = old fashioned, ancient 고대의, 구식의, 오래된
77. archive = record 문서기록(보관소)
78. ardent = enthusiastic, eager, passionate 열광적인, 맹렬한
79. arduous = difficult, strenuous 몹시 힘드는, 어려운
80. area = tract, expanse, scope 구역, 영토
81. archaic = old-fashioned 구식의, 오래된
82. arid = dry, barren 불모의, 건조한
83. article = item 항목, 물품
84. arise = originate, emerge, appear 일깨우다, 유발하다
85. argue = claim, assert 주장하다
86. arouse = stimulate 자극하다,
87. arrangement = mechanism 구조 , 배열
88. artifact = object 인공물, 공예품, 인공유물
89. as a rule = generally 일반적으로, 대개
90. as a whole = all together 전체적으로, 통틀어서
91. aspire = seek 추구하다, 열망하다
92. assemble = bring together, gather, cluster, group 모으다, 군집하다
93. assess = evaluate 평가하다
94. asset = advantage, property 장점, 재산
95. assert = declare, maintain, claim 단언하다, 선포하다
96. assertion = strong statement 주장, 단언
97. associate = connect, relate 연합, 연결하다
98. assume = take on (태도,색채,역할) 떠맡다, 띠다
99. assume = suppose, think 가정하다
100. astute = clever 통찰력있는, 기민한
101. as well = in addition 게다가, 또한
102. at hand = accessible, available 쓸수 있는, 이용가능한
103. at once = immediately 즉시
104. at the same time = simultaneously 동시에
105. atmosphere = air, tone 대기, 공기, 분위기
106. attain = accomplish, achieve, reach 이르다, 도달하다
107. attest to = confirm 입증, 증명하다
108. attractive = appealing 매력적인
109. attribute to = ascribe to, explain by 원인을 돌리다, ~로 설명하다
110. attribute = characteristic, trait, quality, nature, property 특징, 특성, 속성
111. augment = add up, increase 늘리다, 증대하다
112. authentic = genuine 진정한, 사실의 artificial, imaginary, fictitious
113. available = obtainable, usable, at hand 쓸모있는, 이용가능한
114. avenue = means, way 길, 수단, 방법
115. avid = eager, enthusiastic 열성적인, 열렬한
116. avoid = stay away from 회피하다, 멀리하다
117. backbone = spine/ foundation 등뼈, 척추 / 토대, 근간
118. bare of = naked, uncovered, without 벌거벗은, ~없는
119. barely = scarcely 간신히, 가까스로
120. barge = ship 바닥이 평평한 짐배
121. barren = empty, unproductive, arid 불모의, 불임의, 건조한
122. barrier = obstacle, impediment 장벽, 장애물
123. barter = trade, exchange 물물교환, 교역하다
124. bear resemblance to = be similar to, be alike 비슷하다, 유사하다
125. be at odds with = disagree with ~와 불화/불일치하다
126. be considered (as) = be thought of (as) ~로 간주되다, 생각되다
127. be marked (by) = be characterized (by) ~의 특징을 나타내다
128. beckoning = inviting 신호하다, 부르다
129. besides = in addition to 게다가, 더욱이
130. block = prevent, confine 폐쇄하다, 막다
131. blossom = bloom, flourish 번성하다
132. boldly = bravely, daringly 용감대담하게, 뻔뻔하게
133. bonds = ties, links 묶는 것, 연결끈
134. boom = expansion/ flourish, prosper, thrive 급격한 증가, 발전 / 번성하다
135. boost = increase, raise, elevate 밀어올리다, 지지, 후원하다
136. boundary = border 경계, 한계선
137. bounds = limits 범위, 경계, 한도
138. bountiful = plentiful, abundant, profuse 풍성한, 충분한
139. branch = division, department 부서, 지부
140. break = resting period 휴식
141. breakdown = collapse, decomposition 붕괴, 고장, 분해
142. breakthrough = (sudden) advance 돌파구, 비약적 진전, 타개책
143. breed = reproduce, raise, generate 새끼낳다, 번식하다
144. bridle = harness, halter 굴레씌우다, 속박하다
145. brisk = active, fast, energetic 활발, 민첩한
146. broaden = enlarge 넓히다
147. bromide = dull remark 진부한 생각, 흔해 빠진 일
148. bulk = great quantity, majority , main part 대용량, 대부분
149. burden = load, cargo, freight / responsibility 화물, 짐 / 부담, 책임
150. burden = impose 부담주다, 짐지우다
151. by and large = in general 일반적으로
152. calculate = determine, compute 계산, 산출하다
153. call for = require, demand 요구하다
154. camouflage = hide, disguise, conceal 위장, 변장하다
155. capacity = ability 능력
156. capitalize on = take advantage of 이용하다
157. caption = title, subtitle 부제, 제목
158. capture = catch, seize 붙잡다, 손에넣다
159. cargo = load, freight 화물, 짐
160. carry = transmit, transport, convey 나르다, 운송하다
161. cast = group 구성원들, 집단
162. catastrophic = disastrous, extreme 재난의, 파멸시키는
163. cautious = careful, prudent, heedful, discreet 조심스런, 신중한
164. cede = yield, give way 양보하다, 인도, 양도하다
165. celebrated = famous, renowned 유명한, 명성있는
166. certain = particular, specific, given 정해진, 특정한
167. certainty = exactment, exactness (객관적) 확실성, 정확한 것
168. challenge = difficulty 도전, 어려운 문제, 노력의 목표
169. chaotic = disorganized, tumultuous 혼돈스런, 무질서의
170. characteristic = trait, property, attribute, quality, condition 특징, 성질, 특질
171. cherished = valued, prized 소중한, 마음에 품은
172. chief = principal, leading 주요한, 우선적인
173. choice = highly desirable 엄선된, 최상의
174. chronic = persistent, habitual 장기적인, 만성적인
175. circumstance = situation 상황
176. clarify = elucidate, make clear 분명히 하다, 밝히다
177. classify = categorize, group 분류하다, 구분하다
178. cling to = stick to, hold tightly 매달리다, 달라붙다, 집착하다
179. close = intimate (relationship)/ careful (examination) 친근한 (관계 등) / 면밀한 (조사 등)
180. clout = influence, power 권력, 영향력, 힘
181. cluster = group, gather, assemble 한묶음, 집단, 군집하다
182. coarse = crude, rough 거친 (사람, 사물)
183. codified = classified 성문화된, 부호화된
184. cohesion = unity 점착, 단결, 유대, 통합
185. cohesive = adhesive 응집성있는, 점착하는
186. coincidence = occurrence at the same time 동시발생, 우연
187. collaborate = cooperate, joint efforts, group effort 공동으로하다
188. collect = gather, accumulate, glean 모으다, 수집하다
189. collectively = together 함께, 집합적으로, 일괄적으로
190. collide = hit each other/ run into 충돌하다 / 마주치다
191. colonize = inhabit 거주하다, 군체를 형성하다(동식물)
192. colossal = huge, enormous, immense 엄청난, 거대한
193. commemorate = celebrate 기념하다, 기리다
194. commerce = trade 교역, 무역, 통상
195. comparable = analogous, similar, equivalent 비슷한, 비교할 수 있는
196. comparably = relatively 비교적, 상대적으로
197. compel = oblige, force, urge 강제하다, 강요하다
198. complement = supplement 보충, 보완하다/ 보충물
199. complex = group of buildings 복합빌딩, 대형단지
200. complex = complicated, intricate 복잡한
201. complicate = complex, elaborate 복잡하게 만들다
202. component = constituent, element, ingredient, part 구성요소
203. composition = makeup 구성, 합성
204. comprehensive = complete, inclusive 종합적인, 포괄적인
205. comprehensible = understandable 이해할 수 있는, 납득할 수 있는
206. comprising = forming 구성하는, 이루는, 포함하는
207. comprise = consist of, make up, include ~로 이루어지다, 구성하다
208. compulsory = obligatory, requisite, required 강제적인, 의무적인
209. concentrate = center 집중되다; 밀집하다
210. concentrate on = focus on 집중하다
211. conclusively = decisively 결정적으로, 끝으로=finally
212. concomitant = concurrent, simultaneous 공존하는, 동시 발생하는
213. concrete abstract 구체적인 추상적인
214. conditions = characteristics 조건, 특징
215. configuration =arrangement 상대적 배치, 구조배열, 정렬
216. confine = limit, restrict 가두다, 한정하다, 제한하다
217. consecutive = successive, continuous 연속적인, 연속되는, 잇따른
218. consensus = agreement 합의사항, 동의
219. consequence = result, effect / importance 결과, 여파, 결론 / 중요성
220. consequently = as a result, thus, therefore 결과적으로, 따라서
221. conserve = retain, save 보존, 유지하다, 계속 유지하다
222. consider = think about 여기다, 생각하다, 숙고하다
223. considerable = great, substantial, significant 상당한, 막대한, 중요한
224. consistent = regular 일관된, 꾸준한, 변함없는
225. constant = steady, gradual, continuous 꾸준한, 지속적인
226. constellation = collection 별자리, 집합체
227. constraint = limit, limitation, restriction 제한, 구속, 제약
228. construe = interpret 번역하다, 해석하다
229. consume = use up, eat 소비, 소모하다
230. contemporary = current, modern, the same time 동시대에 일어난, 현대의
231. contention = debate, conflict 논쟁, 싸움, 다툼
232. contrive = invent, devise 고안, 발명하다
233. controlled = structured 통제된, 조직화된
234. controversial = debatable, arguable, disagreeable 논쟁의, 이견이 있는
235. converge = meet, come together 모이다, 수렴하다 발산, 퍼지다 diverge
236. conversely = on the other hand, inversely 역으로, 반대로
237. convert = change, transform, turn 개조하다, 변환하다
238. conviction = strong belief 신념
239. cope with = deal with 대처하다
240. compensate for = make up for 갚다, 보상하다
241. copious = plentiful 풍부한, 막대한
242. core = center, nucleus, central idea 핵, 중심부, 요점
243. controversy = disagreement 논쟁, 불일치
244. costly = expensive 비싼 reasonable, affordable, cheap
245. counsel = advise 권하다(recommend), 조언하다
246. counter= opposite, antithesis 반대, 역
247. counterpart = equivalent 사본, 짝, 동등한 것
248. covet = desire, lust 열망, 갈망하다
249. craft = skillfully produce 제조하다, 제작하다
250. crawl = move 기어가다, 움직이다
251. creative = inventive, original 창조력 있는, 독창적인
252. crest = peak, summit 정상, 절정
253. criteria = standards 판단기준, 표준
254. critical = important 중요한/ crucial 필수적인/ decisive결정적인/ faultfinding 비판적인
255. crude = simple, primitive/ rough, raw 조잡한, 단순한/ 가공하지 않은
256. cultivate = farm, grow 경작하다, 기르다
257. culminate in = result in, accumulate, climax 축적하다, 결과가 되다
258. curb = control 억제하다, 억누르다(check)
259. curiously = oddly, surprisingly 호기심에서, 이상하게도, 놀랍게도
260. debris = fragment, splinter, remnant 자취, 파편, 부스러기
261. decay = decompose, break down 부패하다, 썩다
262. deceptive = misleading, incorrect 속이는, 가치판단을 흐리는, 부정확한
263. decisive = definitive, conclusive 결정적인, 중대한
264. dedicated = devoted 헌신적인, 몰두한
265. deem = consider, regard, view as 생각하다, 여기다
266. definite = exact, unquestionable 정확한, 명확한, 확실한
267. degree = extent, range, scope 단계, 정도, 범위
268. delicate = dainty 섬세한, 민감한, 고상한
269. deliberate = intentional / careful 고의적인,계획적인 / 신중한
270. delineate = outline, trace 윤곽 그리다, 형체 알아보다, 묘사하다
271. demanding = rigorous, harsh 요구가 많은, 가혹한
272. demise = death, end, decline 사망, 소멸, 말년
273. demolition = destruction 파괴
274. demonstration = confirmation, evidence 증명, 확증, 증거
275. denote = signify 표시하다, 나타내다
276. dense = thick 짙은, 밀도높은
277. density = concentration 밀도, 밀집상태
278. depend on = rely on 믿다, 의지, 신뢰하다
279. depict = represent, portray, describe 묘사하다, 그리다
280. depleted = used up, devoid, exhausted 다써버린, 고갈된
281. deposited = laid down, placed 놓여진, 두어진
282. derive from = originate from, obtain from 이끌어내다, 파생하다, 얻다
283. detect = perceive 찾아내다, 간파하다, 탐지하다
284. descent = decline / lineage, ancestry 하강, 하락/ 가계, 혈통 = pedigree
285. desert = abandon, leave 버리다, 떠나다
286. designed = intended, planned, created 계획적인, 고의의
287. desperate = hopeless 필사적인, 절망적인
288. detach = separate 분리하다
289. deteriorate = worsen, exacerbate, wear out (가치나 질을) 악화, 저하시키다
290. determine = decide, calculate 결정하다, 측정하다
291. detrimental = harmful, damaging 해로운, 이롭지 못한 adverse
292. devoid (of) = empty, free (of), lacking 결여된, 없는
293. dictate = determine 결정하다
294. dilate = expand 팽창, 확장하다 contract=shrink 수축하다
295. diligently = carefully 공들여, 애써서
296. dilute = reduce, thin, weaken 희석하다, 약화하다 concentrate, strengthen
297. dim = faint, ambiguous 흐릿한, 희미한
298. diminutive = tiny, small 소형의, 작은, 미세한
299. disaster = calamity, catastrophe 천재지변, 재난, 재해
300. discard = abandon, throw away, get rid of 버리다, 폐기하다
301. discern = distinguish, differentiate 차이를 분별하다, 구분하다
302. discernible = observable 알아볼 수 있는, 인식할 수 있는
303. disclose = reveal 드러내다, 폭로하다
304. discrepancy = difference 차이, 불일치, 어긋남
305. discrete = distinct, separate 분리된, 별개의, 구분되는
306. discriminate = distinguish 분간하다, 판별하다
307. disintegrated = fallen apart 분해된, 해체된
308. dismantle = break up, fall apart 분해, 해체, 철거하다
309. disperse = scatter, spread out, diffuse 흩어지게 하다, 분산시키다
310. display = show, exhibit 전시하다, 보여주다
311. dispose = array, arrange 배치, 정렬하다
312. disposition = temperament 성질, 기질
313. disrupt = interfere with, interrupt, upset 방해, 붕괴, 뒤집어 엎다, 혼란시키다
314. disassemble = break apart 분해하다, 해체하다
315. disseminate = spread, disperse 유포하다, 퍼뜨리다
316. dissimilar = different 서로 다른
317. distinct = definite, clear, separate 뚜렷한, 구분되는
318. distinctive = unique, characteristic 남과 구분되는, 독특한, 특징적인
319. distinction = difference/ characteristic/ honor 차이/구별, 특징/ 명예
320. distinguishing = defining, distinct 구분짓는, 뚜렷한
321. distribute = supply, circulate, spread 분배, 배급, 배포하다
322. diversity = variety 변화, 다양성
323. divert = redirect 방향 바꾸다, 전환하다
324. doctrine = tenet, principle, dogma 교리, 주의, 신조, 정책
325. documented = recorded 인용된, 기록된
326. domain = region, territory 영역, 분야, 영토
327. domestic = home 가정의, 국내의, 국산의
328. dominant = leading, prevailing 우세한, 지배적인
329. dominated = prevalent 지배적인, 우위에 있는
330. dormant = inactive, hibernating 움직이지 않는, 겨울잠자는
331. drastic = extreme, radical, severe 철저한, 극심한, 급진적인
332. drawback = disadvantage 결점, 약점
333. draw = pull, attract (짐) 끌다, (흥미, 매력으로) 이끌다
334. drift = float 뜨다
335. drive = effort / motivate/ force 노력하다/ 동기유발하다/ 강제하다
336. drought = dry period, lack of moisture 가뭄 홍수, 범람 flood, inundation
337. duration = lasting period, span, length 지속 기간, 존속시간
338. durable= long lasting, tough 오래가는, 튼튼한, 내구성있는
339. duplicate = copy, imitate/ identical 복사, 복제하다/ 똑같은
340. dwarf giant 소인, 작은별 거인, 큰별
341. dwindle = decrease, diminish 작아지다, 줄어들다
342. eager = enthusiastic, avid 갈망하는, 열렬한
343. ease = reduce 쉬게하다, (고통,불편을) 덜어주다
344. easily = readily, quickly 쉽사리, 용이하게
345. echo = repeat, reverberate 메아리치다, 반향하다, 되풀이하다
346. edge = margin, rim, periphery 가장자리, 테두리
347. editions = versions, volumes 권, 판
348. elaborate = complicated, complex, detailed 정교한, 복잡한
349. element = part, factor, component 구성 요소
350. elicit = bring out 이끌어내다, 도출하다
351. eliminate = remove, get rid of 없애다, 제거하다
352. elude = escape, avoid 피하다, 빠져나가다
353. embed = encase, implant 끼워 넣다, 심다
354. embody = incorporate, represent 구체화하다, 통합하다
355. emerge = appear, come out, arise 나타나다, 생기다
356. emergence = appearance 출현, 등장
357. emergent = developing 발생하는
358. emit = release, give off, discharge, issue 방출하다, 뿜다
359. emphasize = stress, underscore 강조하다, 중요시하다
360. employ = use, adopt, utilize 이용하다, 사용하다, 채택하다
361. encapsulate = state briefly 캡슐에 넣다, 요약하다
362. enclose = surround, include 둘러싸다, 포함하다
363. encompass = include, surround 둘러싸다, 포함하다
364. encourage = motivate, promote, stimulate 용기주다, 격려하다
365. encroach = invade, intrude 침입하다, 침범하다
366. endangered = threatened, imperiled 위태로운, 멸종위기의
367. endeavor = strive, struggle, task , enterprise 노력하다, 애쓰다 / 과업, 시도
368. endorse = support, champion, advocate, approve 배서하다, 뒷받침, 지지하다
369. endow = grant, bestow, confer, donate, give 주다, 기부하다
370. end = goal, objective, cause 목적, 목표, 대의
371. engage = hire/ involve 사용하다 / 관련하다
372. engaged = occupied, involved, busy 관련한, 몰두한, 바쁜
373. engrave = carve, incise 새겨넣다, 깎아내다
374. engrossed = occupied, engaged, immersed 몰두해 있는
375. enhance = improve, enrich, strengthen, elevate (가치를) 높이다, 강화하다
376. enlarge = expand 확장하다
377. enlist = obtain 구하다, 모집하다
378. enormous = huge, vast, tremendous, immense 거대한, 어마어마한
379. ensue = follow 잇따르다, 결과로서 일어나다
380. ensure = guarantee, insure 보증하다, 확실히 하다
381. entail = require, involve 수반하다, 필요로하다
382. enterprise = undertaking, project 사업, 어려운 과업
383. enthusiastic = eager 열성적인, 열심인
384. entice = allure, attract 유혹, 유인하다
385. entire = whole, complete 전체의
386. environment = ecosystem, setting, locality 환경, 주위, 자연환경
387. equip = furnish (설비 등) 갖추다
388. equitable = fair, just 공정한, 공평한
389. equilibrium = balance 균형
390. era = period, age 시대
391. eradicate = eliminate, root up, destroy 뿌리뽑다, 없애다
392. erect = build, construct, throw up 세우다, 건설하다
393. erode = diminish, wear away gradually 서서히 파괴하다, 침식하다
394. erratic = irregular 불규칙한, 산만한
395. erroneous = wrong, incorrect 잘못된, 오류의
396. erupt = explode, break out 분출하다, 폭발하다, 발발하다
397. especially = notably, specifically 특히
398. essential = crucial, vital, important/ fundamental, basic 중요한/ 근본적인
399. establish = institute, organize, found, set up 설립하다, 수립, 확립하다
400. established = qualified, widely accepted 인정된, 정통한, 정평있는
401. esteem = respect 존중, 존경하다
402. estimate = calculate, predict/ assess, judge 추정, 견적,예산잡다/ 평가, 판단하다
403. eventual = later 추후의, 나중의
404. eventually = ultimately, finally 결국, 언젠가는
405. evident = apparent, clear, obvious, manifest 분명한, 명백한
406. evoke = arouse, stimulate 불러일으키다
407. evolve = develop 발전하다
408. euphoria = extreme happiness 극치, 행복감
409. exacerbate = worsen, intensify 악화시키다, (나쁜 상황을) 강화하다
410. examine = inspect, investigate, probe 조사하다, 검사하다
411. excavate = uncover, dig, unearth 파다, 발굴하다
412. exceed = go beyond, surpass, excel 능가하다, 월등하다
413. exceedingly = extremely 대단히, 몹시
414. exceptional = unusual, extraordinary 예외적인,뛰어난ó ordinary, usual
415. excluding = other than, except 제외하는 배제하는
416. execute = perform, do 수행하다, 실행하다
417. exercise [talent] = use 활용하다, <권력 등을> 행사하다
418. exert = apply 행사하다
419. exhausted = tired, depleted 소진한, 지친, 다써버린
420. exhibit = show, feature, display 나타내다, 보여주다
421. exorbitant = excessive 과도한, 지나친
422. exotic = unusual 색다른, 이국풍의
423. expand = inflate, increase 늘리다, 부풀리다
424. expanse = area (넓은) 공간
425. expediency = advantage 유리한 점, 이점, 편의성
426. expend = use, spend, consume 쓰다, 소비하다
427. expertise = skill 전문기술
428. explicit = clear, obvious, overt, manifest 명확한, 분명한
429. exploit = use, utilize 이용, 활용하다
430. exploit = accomplishment, feat 업적, 성취
431. extant = remaining 현존하는, 남아있는 멸종한, 사라진 extinct, vanished
432. extensive = far-reaching, broad, wide 광범위한, 막대한, 넓은
433. extent = degree, range, scope 범위, 한도
434. extinct = die out, outdated, vanished 멸종한, 소멸된, 없어진
435. extol = praise, exalt, trumpet 칭송하다, 격찬하다
436. extract = derive, draw, remove, abstract 뽑아내다, 이끌어내다, 발췌하다
437. extracted (from) = removed (from) (~에서) 뽑아낸, 추출된, 제거된
438. extraordinary = exceptional 비범한, 특출한
439. extreme = severe, drastic, radical 과도한, 심한
440. exude = release, ooze out 배어나오게 하다, 내뿜다
441. facet = aspect, phase 면, 양상, 측면
442. facilitate = make easier, aid, assist 쉽게 하다, 돕다
443. fade away = disappear, diminish 시들다, 희미해지다, 사라지다
444. faint = dim, feeble 희미한, 가냘픈, 어렴풋한
445. far-reaching = broad, extensive 넓은 범위에 미치는, 광범위한
446. fascinate = greatly interest, attract, intrigue 매혹하다
447. fashionable = popular 유행하는
448. fashion out of = make from ~로 만들다
449. favor = approval, popularity 호의, 지지, 애호, 찬성
450. feasible = practicable, possible, plausible 실현가능한, 있을법한, 타당한
451. feasting = eating 연회하는, 배불리 먹는
452. feature = characteristic 특색, 특징을 이루다
453. feeble = weak 연약한
454. fertile = productive 비옥한, 생산력 있는
455. ferry = transport 수송하다
456. fervent = passionate, ardent 열심한, 열렬한
457. figure = shape / sculpture, statue/ number 모양, 인물/ 조각상/ 수치
458. finance = pay for 자금을 공급하다, 지불하다
459. fine = tiny, minute, delicate 가느다란, 작은, 미세한, 섬세한
460. find one’s way into = enter 들어가다, 가다
461. first and foremost = leading, chief, above all 최우선의, 주요한, 주목할만한
462. fit = adapt, suit 맞추다, 적응시키다
463. fix = repair/ attach 고치다 / 고정시키다
464. flake = fragment 조각, 파편, 단편
465. flavor = taste 맛, 풍미, 취향
466. flawless = unblemished, perfect 흠없는, 결점없는, 완벽한
467. float = drift, hover 부유하다, 떠다니다
468. flood = inundation, deluge 홍수, 범람
469. flourish = prosper, thrive, bloom, succeed 번성, 성공하다
470. fluctuate = move up and down, vary 변하다, 변동하다
471. fluctuation = variation 변동
472. foliage = leaves 나뭇잎
473. follow suit = do the same 따라하다, 선례를 따르다
474. forage = feed, search for food 식량 모으다, 찾다
475. forestall = prevent 미연에 방지하다, 선수치다
476. forge = create replacement 위조하다
477. form = be created 형성되다 (shape), 만들어지다
478. former = previous, prior 이전의, 앞선
479. formerly = previously 이전에, 예전에
480. formidable = causing dread, frightening 무시무시한, 엄청난
481. forsake = abandon, leave 버리다, 그만두다, 떠나다
482. foster = promote, bring up 촉진하다, 기르다, 마음에 품다
483. fragile = easily broken, breakable, frail 약한, 잘 깨지는
484. fragmenting = breaking up 조각내는, 부서지는
485. fragmentary = incomplete 조각난, 불완전한
486. fragrant = aromatic, scented 향기나는
487. frigid = very cold, freezing 쌀쌀한, 몹시 추운
488. fuel = encourage, boost, stimulate 격려하다, 밀어올리다
489. fulfill = accomplish, satisfy, meet, suit (약속,요구조건등) 실행,충족시키다
490. function = purpose, ceremonial event, operation 기능, 작용, 의식, 역할
491. fuse = mix, blend 융합하다, 섞다
492. fundamental = basic, underlying, radical/ essential 기초적, 토대 이루는/ 중요한
493. furthermore = in addition, additionally, moreover 추가로, 게다가, 더욱이
494. fusion = union 융합, 통합
495. gainful = lucrative, profitable 이득되는, 유리한
496. gap = difference 차이점, 격차
497. gather = collect 모으기, 모임, 수집
498. gauge = measure, judge, assess 측정하다, 판단,평가하다
499. generate = produce, yield 발생시키다
500. go through = penetrate, experience 뚫고나가다, 통과하다; 경험[체험]하다
501. glean = gather, collect 모으다, 수집하다
502. given (at any given time) = particular, specified 지정된, 특정한
503. given over to = used for / dedicated to 위탁, 양도된/ 헌신된, 바쳐진
504. glean = gather, collect 모으다, 수집하다
505. golden age = at its peak, heyday 최전성기, 황금기, 한창때
506. gorgeous = magnificent, wonderful 훌륭한, 멋진
507. govern = regulate, control, manage 통제, 통치, 관리하다
508. gradual = slow, steady 점진적인
509. grasp = seize / apprehend 붙잡다 / 이해하다
510. greenhand = untrained worker, apprentice 초보자, 미경험자, 견습공
511. groundless = unfounded, without a reason 이유, 근거없는
512. guard = protect, shield 보호하다, 지키다
513. guess = conjecture, speculate 추측하다, 근거없이 짐작하다
514. guide = direct, instruct 지도하다, 이끌다
515. habitat = dwelling, home, habitation 서식환경, 서식지
516. halt = stop 정지, 중단(시키다)
517. hamper = restrict, hinder, impede, obstruct 제한, 저지, 방해하다, 막다
518. harness = utilize, use (도구로) 자연력 이용하다, 동력화하다
519. harness = tool 도구, 굴레
520. harsh = severe, strict, rigorous 엄한, 가혹한
521. haul = pull 끌다
522. have nothing to do with = be not related to 관련 없다
523. hazardous = dangerous, risky 위험한, 모험적인
524. height = peak, pinnacle, summit 정상, 꼭대기
525. heighten = elevate, increase 높이다, 증가시키다
526. hence = consequently, therefore, thus 따라서, 그러므로
527. henceforth = from now on, from then on 지금부터는, 향후
528. hiatus = interruption 틈, 균열, 중단
529. hierarchy = social rank 계급제,
530. hide = camouflage 숨기다, 감추다, 보호색
531. high (pressure) = intense 높은 (압력), 강한
532. highly vulnerable = easily damaged 상처받기 쉬운, 쉽게 상처받는
533. hinder = interfere with, tamper with 방해하다, 간섭하다
534. hint = indication 암시, 표시
535. hold = contain 수용하다, 담다
536. hold = believe 신봉하다; 생각하다, 간주하다
537. hollow = empty, vacant 텅빈, 속빈, 공허한
538. (a) host of = a group of = a large number of 다수의, 많은
539. house = place 수용하다, 안전하게 두다
540. hub = center, central point 중심, 핵심
541. hue = color, shade 색, 색조
542. huge = mammoth, tremendous, enormous, immense 매우 큰, 막대한
543. hybrid = combination, mixed breed 혼혈, 잡종, 혼합
544. hygiene = cleanness 위생, 청결
545. hypothesis = theory 이론, 가설
546. ideally = perfectly 이상적으로, 완벽하게
547. identical = same, indistinguishable 똑같은, 구분할수 없는 ó different
548. ignite = set on fire, kindle 점화하다, 불붙이다
549. illumination = lighting 조명
550. illusion = impression 환영, 환상 (막연한 느낌)
551. imaginable = conceivable, possible, feasible 상상할 수 있는,가능성 있는
552. imaginative = creative 상상력 풍부한, 창의적인
553. immediate = nearest 가장 가까운, 당장의
554. immense = enormous, tremendous, numerous 엄청난 (크기, 수, 정도)
555. immoral = improper 부도덕한, 부적절한
556. immutable = unchangeable 불변의
557. impact = influence 영향, 효과
558. impair = damage, injure 손상시키다, 해치다
559. impede = interrupt, prevent, hamper 지체하다, 방해하다
560. impediment = obstacle 장애물, 방해, 저해요인
561. impervious = resistant 견디는, 저항하는
562. implement = tool / execute, perform 도구/ 실현, 실행하다
563. implausible = unconvincing 설득력 없는, 가능성 없는
564. impetus = stimulus 추진력, 원동력
565. imposing = substantial, heavy / impressive 상당한, 부담스러운 / 인상적인, 으리으리한
566. improvised = unplanned, spontaneous 즉석의, 즉흥의
567. inadvertently = unintentionally 부주의하게,무심코, 의도하지 않게
568. inconceivable = unimaginable 상상할 수 없는, 생각조차 못하는
569. in any case = regardless 어느 경우든, 여하튼
570. in charge of = responsible for 관리하는, 책임있는
571. in effect = virtually, essentially 사실상, 본질적으로
572. ineffectively = without any results 비효율적으로, 결과없이
573. in fact = actually, virtually, indeed 사실상
574. infinite = unlimited 무한한, 끝없는
575. in opposition to = counter to ~에 반대하여
576. in proximity to = close to, near 가까이에
577. in spite of = regardless of ~에도 불구하고
578. in terms of = with respect to, in reference to ~에 관해, ~라는 점에서
579. in the course of = during ~중에,하는 동안
580. incessant = unceasing, constant, continuous 중단없는, 지속적인, 끊임없는
581. incipient = initial 시작의, 처음의, 초기의
582. incise = cut, carve 새기다, 절개하다
583. incisive = acute, keen, sharp 날카로운, 예리한, 신랄한
584. inclination = tendency, preference 경향, 성향
585. incompletely = partially 불완전, 불충분하게, 부분적으로
586. inconsequential = unimportant, trivial 중요치 않은, 사소한
587. incorporate = include, contain/ integrate, combine 포함하다/ 통합하다
588. incredible = unbelievable, remarkable 믿을수 없는, 엄청난
589. indicate = show/ suggest, point out 표시하다/ 암시하다
590. indifferent = uninterested, apathetic 무관심한, 개의치 않는
591. indigenous = native 원주민의, 토착의
592. indispensable = essential, requisite, necessary 필수불가결의, 꼭필요한
593. individual = distinct, characteristic 개별적인, 독특한, 특징적인
594. induce = generate/ evoke 유발하다,일으키다
595. inept = incompetent 적성없는, 능력없는, 부적합한
596. inert = motionless, inactive 자력으로 움직일수 없는, 타성의, 불활성의 ó active
597. inevitable = unavoidable, certain, without exception 피할 수 없는, 필연적인
598. infectious = contagious 전염성의
599. infinite = limitless, unlimited 무한한, 한없는
600. inflated = expanded 부푼, 팽창된
601. influential = important, powerful 영향력있는, 유력한, 세력있는
602. infrastructure = foundation 하부구조, 토대
603. infrequent = sporadic, intermittent, occasional 때때로, 산발적인
604. ingenious = clever, innovative 영리한, 재주있는
605. ingenuity = inventiveness 발명 재간, 창의력, 연구심
606. inhabit = live in, dwell in 서식하다, 거주하다
607. inherent = inborn, innate, intrinsic, congenital 타고난, 선천적인, 유전적인
608. inherent in = characteristic of 내재된, 고유의
609. inhibit = restrict, hinder, prevent 억누르다, 방해하다
610. inimical = unfriendly, hostile 비우호적인, 적대적인
611. initiate = start, begin, commence, pioneer 시작하다, 개시하다
612. innocuous = harmless 무해한
613. innovation = change 새로운 것, 혁신
614. innovative = new, original, creative 혁신적, 창의적인
615. innumerable = countless, numberless, myriad 무수히 많은
616. inspect = examine 조사하다, 점검하다
617. inspired = motivated 영감을 받은, 고취된
618. intact = unchanged, unaffected, whole, complete, in one piece 손상되지 않은, 온전한
619. integral = essential, whole, entire 없어서는 안될, 완전한, 전체의
620. integrate = unify 통합하다, 완전하게 하다
621. intense = high, strong 강한, 높은, 강렬한
622. intensify = strengthen, reinforce, fortify 강화하다, 증대하다
623. intention = purpose/ willingness (의도된) 목적 / 의도, 의향
624. intentionally = purposefully, deliberately 의도적으로, 계획적으로
625. intertwined = interwoven 뒤얽힌, 긴밀히 연관된
626. intricate = complex, complicated 복잡한, 얽힌
627. intrigue = fascinate, attract 음모를 꾸미다, 흥미를 끌다
628. invariably = always, without exception 예외없이, 반드시, 언제나
629. inwardly = into the center, secretly 안쪽으로, 내부적으로
630. invent = devise, create 고안해내다, 만들다
631. irreparable = permanent 고칠수 없는, 영속적인
632. irreversible = permanent 뒤집을 수 없는, 영원한
633. issue = question, matter 쟁점, 논점, 문제점
634. jeopardize = endanger, threaten 위태롭게 만들다
635. join = connect / meet 연결, 결합하다 / 합치다, 만나다
636. judicious = wise, discreet, sensible 분별력있는, 현명한
637. junction = connection 연결
638. keen = sharp /intelligent 날카로운/ 명석한
639. key = substantial, very significant 중대한, 핵심적인
640. kiln = furnace 화덕, 불가마
641. lacking = without, missing ~이 없이, 부족하여
642. lading = cargo 선적, 뱃짐
643. landslide = victory 산사태, 대승리
644. largely = mostly 대개
645. launch = set afloat/ start, begin 배띄우다/ 시작하다, 착수하다
646. lavish = deluxe 후한; 사치스러운; 아끼지 않는
647. leading = dominant, main, chief 선두의, 지도적인, 주된
648. legitimacy = authority 합법, 적법성
649. legitimate = legal, lawful 합법적인, 적법한
650. leisurely = relaxed 느긋한, 여유로운
651. lethargic = sluggish 무기력한, 권태로운
652. levy = impose, tax, draft 징수하다, 소집하다
653. likewise = similarly 또한, 마찬가지로
654. limit = restrict, confine 제한하다, 한정하다
655. limited = restricted, narrow 제한된, 좁은
656. link = connect, put together 잇다, 연결하다
657. locality = locale, place, site 현장, 장소
658. locomotion = movement 운송, 이동수단
659. look = gaze, stare, peer 보다, 응시하다
660. luxuriant = thriving 무성한, 울창한
661. magnificent = superb 웅장한, 당당한, 최고의
662. mainly = generally 대개, 일반적으로
663. maintain = sustain, continue 유지하다, 지속하다
664. maintain = claim, assert 주장하다
665. make their way = travel 가다, 나아가다, 잘되다
666. make up = constitute, compose, invent 구성하다, 만들다, (거짓으로) 꾸미다
667. mammoth = huge, gigantic, massive 거대한
668. mandatory = required, compulsory 필수적인, 강제의, 의무적인
669. manifest = definite, obvious, apparent 명백한, 분명한
670. manifest = reveal, demonstrate 드러내다, 증명하다
671. manifestation = demonstration 표명, 명시
672. mask = cover 감추다, 가리다
673. match = equal 필적하다, 대등하다
674. manageable = affordable 감당할 수 있는,
675. manipulate = manage, handle 조종, 조작하다, 다루다
676. material = physical 물질적인, 육체적인, 중요한
677. maturity = adulthood 성숙, 원숙, 완성
678. maximum = large quantity 최대, 최대량
679. meager = scarce, lacking, short 불충분한, 부족한
680. mean = average 평균
681. means = method, way 수단, 방법
682. material = physical 물질적인
683. merely = simply, only 오로지, 단지, 겨우
684. metamorphose = change, transform 변화시키다, 변태하다
685. migrate = travel, move, emigrate, immigrate 이주하다, 이동하다
686. minimal = scant 최소화한, 최소의
687. minute = very small, tiny, miniscule 미세한, 아주 작은, 상세한
688. mirror = reflect 반영하다
689. mock = imitate, pretend 흉내내다, 모방하다
690. modest = limited 많지 않은
691. modification = alteration, change 변화, 변경, 수정
692. molten = melted <금속, 암석 등이> 녹은
693. monitor = check, investigate 감시,조사하다, 점검하다
694. monotonous = boring, unvarying, tedious 단순한, 단조로운
695. more or less = almost, approximately 대략
696. most crudest = primitive 천연 그대로의, 원시적인, 미숙한
697. mounting = increasing 증가하는
698. multiplicity = variety 다양성, 다채로움
699. mundane = ordinary 평범한, 세속의
700. myriad = numerous, innumerable, many 무수한
701. naked (eye)= bare, unassisted, unaided 벗은, 육안의
702. nature = characteristic, trait, property 특성, 본성, 성질
703. nevertheless = nonetheless = yet, however, although 그러나, 그럼에도 불구하고
704. nocturnal ( daytime 밤의, 야간의 ( 낮의
705. notwithstanding = in spite of 에도 불구하고
706. nurture = care for 키우다, 양육하다
707. notable = remarkable, important, distinguished 주목할만한, 훌륭한, 유명한
708. noted = recorded 기록하다
709. notion = idea, general idea, opinion, conception 개념, 관념, 견해, 의견
710. novelty = rarity, originality, innovation 신기한 것, 새로운 것, 발견
711. object = goal, aim, objective/ items 목적, 목표 / 물품
711. oblige = require, compel 강요하다, 요구하다
712. obliterate = erase 지우다, 삭제하다
713. obscure = uncertain, unclear, dim / conceal 희미한, 애매한/ 가리다
714. obsolete = outdated, archaic, out of use 구식의, 쓸모없어진
715. obstacle = impediment, barrier 방해, 장애물
716. occasion = event 상황, 경우, 사건
717. of high priority = very important 우선하는, 중요한
718. offset = (counter)balance, equal 상쇄하다, 균형을 맞추다
719. offspring = children, progeny 자손, 새끼
720. ominous = threatening, warning 불길한, 위협적인
721. once in a while = periodically 때때로, 주기적으로
722. on the contrary = conversely, however 이와 반대로
723. on the spot = instantly 즉석에서, 그자리에서
724. ongoing = continuous, developing 계속적인, 진행중인
725. onset = outset, beginning, inception, start 개시, 착수
726. ooze = move slowly, exude, flow 스며나오다, 분비하다(secrete)
727. operate = function, work, perform 작동하다, 기능하다
728. ordinary = routine, customary 평범한, 일상적인
729. originated in = were grown from 생기다, 기원하다
730. ornamental = decorative 장식적인, 장식용의
731. ornamentation = decoration 장식
732. out of the question = impossible 불가능한, 논외의
733. outrageous = shocking 엄청난, 터무니없는
734. outstanding = remarkable / unpaid 두드러진, 훌륭한/ 미결의, 미불의
735. outweigh = become important than ~보다 중요하다
736. overwhelming = staggering 압도적인, 엄청난
737. owing to = because of, due to ~덕분에, 때문에
738. pace = speed 보조, 속도
739. paradoxical = seemingly contradictory 역설적인, 모순된
740. parcel out = distribute 나누다 divide, 배분하다
741. pare away = remove 껍질을 잘라내다, 깎아내다
742. parody = mimicry, imitation 모방, 흉내
743. particular = specific, given / picky 특유의, 독특한, 특정한 / 까다로운
744. partially = incompletely, unfairly 부분적으로,불충분하게,편파적으로
745. pastime = hobby, diversion 기분전환, 취미, 오락
746. patch = area 영역, 부분
747. patchy = irregular, incomplete 불규칙한, 부분적인
748. patron = customer, supporter 후원자, 단골고객
749. peak = height, mountaintop, summit 산꼭대기, 봉우리, 정점
750. peculiar = specific, special, unusual, odd 특유한,독특한, 이상한, 별난
751. penetrate = pierce, enter 관통하다, 꿰뚫다, 파고들다
752. perceptibly = noticeably, appreciably 눈치챌 수 있을 정도로, 상당히
753. perforate = pierce 구멍을 내다, 꿰뚫다
754. period = era 시대, 기간
755. periodically =at intervals, regularly 정기적으로/ from time to time, occasionally 가끔
756. periphery = edge 주변, 외연, 둘레 =circumference
757. perish = disappear, spoil 사라지다, 사멸하다
758. perishable = easy to spoil 소멸하기 쉬운, 썩기쉬운
759. permanent = everlasting, fixed 영원한, 고정된, 영속적, 불변의
760. perpetual = constant, everlastiing 영속적인, 끊임없는
761. persist = continue, endure, last 지속,존속하다,버티다/remain 살아남다
762. persistent = continuous, persisting 지속적인, 버티는, 끈질긴
763. perspective = viewpoint, prospect 시각, 관점, 전망, 예상
764. pervade = penetrate, spread 널리퍼지다, 파고들다, 스며들다
765. pervasive = widespread, prevalent 널리퍼지는, 보급하는
766. phase = state, period, facet, stage 단계, 국면, 시기
767. phenomenal = extraordinary 보통일이 아닌, 놀랄만한
768. pierce = perforate 꿰뚫다, 관통하다; 구멍을 뚫다
769. piecing = joining (구멍끼리) 연결하는
770. pigment = color 색소, 색깔
771. pigmentation = coloring 염색, 색칠하기
772. pioneer = initiate, take the lead 개척하다, 인도하다
773. plausible = believable, feasible, probable, convincing(논의,이론등)이 그럴듯한, 가능한
774. play = perform 하다, 수행하다
775. pledge = promise 맹세, 서약하다
776. plentiful = abundant, bountiful, copious, profuse, ample 풍부한, 많은
777. plumage = feathers 새의 깃털
778. ponder = consider, think about 숙고하다, 생각하다
779. pore = hole, space, opening 빈틈, 공간, 구멍
780. portion = part, segment, constituent 일부분
781. potent = strong, powerful, influential 강력한, 유력한
782. potential = possible, promised, possibility 가능한, 가망있는, 잠재력(있는)
783. practical = effective 실제의, 실용적인
784. pragmatic = practical 실용적인
785. practice = use, custom usage 관습, 관례, 실행
786. preeminent = foremost, significant 현저한, 탁월한, 출중한
787. precede = come before 선행하다, 앞서다
788. precious = valuable, valued 귀중한, 값있는
789. precise = accurate, exact 정확한, 꼼꼼한, 엄밀한
790. preclude = prevent, rule out 미리막다, 배제하다
791. predominantly = primarily, chiefly 주요하게, 지배적으로
792. premise = assumption 전제, 가정
793. preoccupation = fascination, concern, involvement 열중, 몰두, 선입관
794. preordain = determine before 미리 결정짓다 (운명 등)
795. preparing = readying 준비하는
796. preserve = maintain, sustain 보존, 유지하다, 지속하다
797. pressing = urgent 긴박한, 위급한
798. presumably = probably, possible, supposedly, maybe, perhaps 가정상, 아마도
799. prevail = triumph, win, dominate 능가, 압도하다, 유력하다, 이기다
800. prevalent = widespread, dominant 널리퍼진, 주도적인
801. primitive = most crudest, primeval, prehistoric, early 원시의, 고대의, 초기의
802. principally = chiefly, mainly 대개, 주로
803. prior = previous, before, past 먼저, 이전에, 앞서서
804. procure = obtain 획득, 조달하다
805. professional = specialized 전문적인, 본업의 amateur
806. proficient = expert, skillful 숙달한, 숙련된, 능숙한
807. profound = deep/ intense / significant 깊은, 극심한, 의미심장한
808. profuse = abundant, plentiful, lavish, copious, affluent 풍부한, 많은
809. programmed = planned 계획된
810. prohibit = ban, inhibit 금지하다
811. prohibitively = extremely (expensive) (가격 등) 터무니없이
812. proliferate = increase in numbers, multiply 증식, 증가하다
813. prolonged = extended, lengthy 연장된, 길어진
814. prominent = remarkable, outstanding, distinguished, famous 탁월한, 유명한
815. promise = potential 약속, 잠재력, 가망
816. promote = further, encourage 촉진하다
817. pronounced = noticed, marked, distinct/ strong 뚜렷한, 강조된 / 강력한
818. propel = push, drive forward, force out 추진시키다, 재촉하다
819. proper = suitable, appropriate 적합한, 알맞은, 바람직한
820. property = characteristic, quality, attribute, trait, nature/ asset 고유특성, 속성 / 재산
821. proponent = supporter, advocate, exponent 제창자, 지지자, 대표자 opponent
822. proprietor = owner 소유주, 경영자->식민지영토 지배자
823. prospective = future 미래의, 앞으로의
824. prosper = thrive, flourish, succeed 번영, 번창, 성공하다
825. protruding = extending 돌출된
826. provided = if 만약~라는 조건이면
827. provisional = temporary 일시적인, 임시의
828. proximity = nearness, closeness 근접, 접근, 근접성
829. purify = cleanse, clear, refine 정화, 순화하다
830. purpose = intent, aim, goal / function 의도, 목적 / 용도, 효용
831. radical = fundamental, basic/ extreme, drastic 근본적인 / 급진, 과격한
832. ramification = consequence, outgrowth 가지치기, 여파, 파생결과
833. random = by chance, unsystematic, arbitrary 임의의, 무작위의, 임의적인
834. range = vary (범위가) 변동하다
835. rare = scarce, unusual, infrequent 드문, 진귀한
836. rate = classify 등급을 매기다
837. rather than = instead of 오히려, ~대신
838. raw = unprocessed, uncooked 가공하지 않은, 날것의
839. readily = easily/ immediately/ willingly 쉽게/ 즉시/ 기꺼이
840. realm = area, field, region, domain 영역, 범위, 분야
841. reap = obtain, gain 얻다, 거두다
842. receptacle = reservoir 저장소, 그릇
843. recorded = documented 기록된
844. recruit = obtain 모집하다, 충원해 얻다
845. recur = reappear, return 재발, 되풀이하다
846. recurring = recurrent, repeating, chronic 재발하는, 되풀이되는
847. redundancy = extra capacity 과잉, 여분, 중복
848. reflection = indication 반사, 반영, 반향 ; 감상, 의견
849. reform = change 개량, 개선, 개혁; 교정
850. refinement = improvement 정제, 제련, 개량하다
851. refract = distort, alter, bend 굴절시키다, 방향 바꾸다
852. refrain from = cease 삼가다, 자제하다
853. regardless of = without considering ~와 상관없이
854. reinforce = strengthen, intensify 강화, 증강하다
855. relatively = comparatively 비교적
856. release = discharge, emit, set free, give off 풀어주다, 내보내다, 분출하다
857. relevant = related, appropriate, applicable 관련있는, 적합한, 타당한
858. reluctant = unwilling, hesitant 내켜하지 않는, 마지못한
859. remarkable = incredible, noticeable, prominent, striking 주목할만한, 눈에띄는
860. render = provide, give / make/ represent, describe 주다 / 만들다/ 나타내다
861. renounce = give up, reject 포기, 단념하다
862. repel = drive away, repulse 쫓아내다, 물리치다
863. replenish = restore, put back 보급, 보충하다, 회수하다
864. replica = copy 복제품
865. represent = mean, symbol, portray 의미, 상징, 표현하다
866. reportedly = supposedly 소문에 의하면, 전해지기로는
867. representative = typical example 대표, 전형적인 것, 전형적인
868. reproduce = generate, spawn, copy, duplicate, breed 복제하다, 재생산, 새끼낳다
869. reputation = fame, renown, repute 명성, 평판
870. reserved = saved, restricted 남겨두다, 유보, 제한하다
871. residue = remains, sediment 침전물, 나머지, 잔여
872. respectively = in that order given 순서대로, 각각
873. respond to = react to 반응, 응답하다
874. result in = lead to, cause, bring about 결과하다, 이끌다, 일으키다
875. retain = keep 보유, 유지하다
876. retrospect = looking back 회고, 회상, 추억
877. retreat = withdraw 철수, 후퇴하다
878. revere = respect, esteem 존경, 숭배하다
879. revival = restoration 부흥, 부활
880. revolutionize = dramatically (completely) change 혁명하다, 엄청나게 변화시키다
881. rich < > sparse 풍부한 < > 부족한
882. rigid = hard, still 굳은, 딱딱한, 단단한
883. rigorous = strict, demanding, harsh, precise 엄격한, 가혹한, 꼼꼼정확한
884. right = all the way 죽, 줄곧 (부사용법)
885. ripe = favorable, mature 때가 무르익은, 준비된, 성숙된
886. rotate = turn 회전시키다, 교대시키다
887. rooted in = based on, originated from 뿌리내린, 뿌리깊은 (관습, 사상)
888. rough = coarse / approximate 거친 / 대략적인
889. roughly = approximately, about, some 대략, 약
890. routinely = regularly, commonly 일상적으로, 보통
891. rove = roam, wander 돌아다니다, 배회하다
892. rudimentary = basic 근본의, 기본의, 초보의, 단순한
893. rugged = uneven 울퉁불퉁한
894. ruinous = destructive 파멸을 부르는, 파괴적인
895. sacred = holy, religious 신성한, 종교적인
896. sanction = approval 인가, 찬성
897. satisfied by = fulfilled with 만족된, 충족된
898. save for = except for ~를 빼고, 제외하고
899. sink = drop to the bottom, submerge 가라앉다, 침수하다
900. scale = extent 단계, 등급, 정도
901. scant = little, minimal 모자란, 적은, 빈약한
902. scarce = short in supply, rare, limited 모자란, 희박한, 불충분한 abundant
903. scarcity = shortage 부족, 결핍
904. scatter = disperse, spread out, distribute 뿌리다, 흩뜨리다
905. scenic = beautiful 아름다운, 장관의
906. scented = fragrant 향기 나는
907. scrap = fracture, fragment 조각, 부스러기, 단편
908. scrutiny = examination 정밀조사
909. seemingly = apparently 겉보기에, 외관상
910. secure = obtain, gain 확보, 입수하다
911. sediment = residue, remains 퇴적물, 앙금
912. seek = search for, look for / try, endeavor 찾다, 추구하다 /노력하다
913. seething = overflowing, angry, boiling 끓어넘치는, 끓는, 분노한
914. segment = portion 부분
915. seize = take 붙잡다, 강탈하다, 몰수하다
916. seldom = infrequently, rarely 거의 ~ 않다, 드물게~하다
917. selected = peculiar, chosen, choice 선발된, 엄선된
918. self-sufficient = independent 자급자족할 수 있는, 독립적인
919. sequence = series, succession, progression 연속, 순서
920. serene = calm, peaceful 평온한
921. settle down = become orderly 가라앉다, 해결되다
922. sever = cut off, separate, cleave 분리, 절단하다
923. sheltered = protected 보호된
924. shield = protect 보호하다
925. shift = change, move 변화, 옮기다
926. show = display, exhibit 전시하다 (showcase)
927. shortcoming = disadvantage, difficulty, defect, drawback 결함, 단점
928. shrink = contract, become smaller, tighten 축소, 감소하다
929. shudder = tremor 전율, 떨림
930. signal = indicate 신호로 알리다
931. significant = important, substantial, remarkable, serious 중요한,상당한
932. simultaneously = at the same time, concurrently 동시에
933. sink = descend, fall slowly, drop to the bottom 하강하다, 내려가다
934. sites = places, locations 장소, 부지, 위치
935. situated = located 자리잡은, 위치한
936. sizable = large, great 상당한, 꽤큰
937. slight = minor 사소한
938. smell = scent, odor, fragrance, aroma 향기, 냄새
939. soak = absorb 흡수하다, 받아들이다
940. so far = up to present, until now 지금껏, 여태까지
941. solicitation = invitation 간청, 애걸복걸, 권유
942. sort = type, kind 종류
943. sole = only 유일한
944. sophisticated = complex / improved, refined 복잡 정교한 / 세련된
945. solidify = strengthen, harden 응고, 단결, 협동시키다
946. sort = type, kind 종류
947. source = origin 근원, 근본, 원인
948. span = duration, period 기간, 시대
949. spawn = lay eggs/ generate, produce 알낳다/ ~야기, 발생시키다, 생산하다
950. spectacular = impressive 인상적인, 극적인
951. spectrum = range, scope 연속체, 범위
952. speculate = suppose, hypothesize / gamble 사색, 추측하다/ 투기하다
953. speculative = unproven 사색적,이론적, 확실치 않은
954. split = divide 쪼개다, 나누다
955. sporadic = infrequent, occasional, intermittent 산발적인, 드문
956. spot = see 발견하다 = detect
957. spottily = occasionally, irregularly, intermittently 때때로, 산발적으로
958. spread = distribute 퍼뜨리다
959. spring up = suddenly arise 도약하다, 급증하다
960. spur = stimulate 박차를 가하다, 자극하다
961. staggering = overwhelming, astonishing 압도적인
962. stamina = endurance, vigor, energy 지구력, 원기
963. stand for = symbolize, represent 나타내다,의미하다
964. staple = basic item, basic food, basic 기본품목, 기본작물, 기본적인
965. startle = surprise 깜짝 놀래키다
966. stationary = not moving, fixed, immobile 정지된, 움직이지 않는
967. staunch = strong 튼튼한, 강력한
968. steadfast = firm 확고한, 변치않는
969. stealthily = secretly 비밀스럽게, 은밀히
970. stem from = grow out of, arise from, derive from, originate from 생겨나다, 유래하다
971. stick to = cling to, adhere to 붙다, 점착하다
972. stir = stimulate 자극하다, 휘젓다
973. stipulation = requirement 조항,규정, (계약) 조건, 약속
974. straightforward = clear, candid 곧은, 직접적인, 솔직한
975. strictly = precisely, rigorously, only 엄밀하게, 정확하게, 전적으로
976. strike = come in contact with 부딪히다, 접촉하다
977. striking = remarkable, hitting, impressive 치는, 인상적인, 뚜렷한
978. (a) string of = (a) series (of) 한줄, 연속의
979. sturdy = strong 강한, 튼튼한
980. stylus = pen 첨필, 가느다란 붓이나 연필
981. stylized < > realistic 정형화된, 양식화된 ( 실제적인
982. subdue = reduce 항복, 굴복시키다, 가라앉히다
983. submerged = underwater 물속의, 가라앉은
984. subsequently = later, afterwards 그후에 다음에, 이후에
985. subsidize = assist, aid, finance 보조금 주다, 원조하다
986. subsistence = survival, food 생존, 부양, 생존수단 (식량)
987. substantial = considerable, large, significant상당한, 실체 있는, 중요한
988. substitute = replace, exchange 대신, 대용하다
989. subterranean = underground 지하에 있는
990. succession = series, continuance 연속, 이어짐
991. suggest = indicate, show 보여주다, 알려주다
992. suggestion = implication 암시
993. suitable = appropriate, proper, fit 적합한, 알맞은
994. superficial = shallow, unimportant 피상적인, 표면상의, 하찮은
995. supervise = oversee 감독하다
996. surge = (sudden) increase, rise (큰파도)밀려오다, 쇄도, 급증
997. surmise = guess, speculate 추측, 짐작하다
998. surplus = extra, excess, 잉여, 초과, 남아도는 것
999. survive = remain 남아있다, 생존해있다
1000. susceptible = vulnerable, weak 영향받기 쉬운, 약한 immune, resistant
1001. suspect = believe / doubt ~라 생각하다 / ~임을 의심하다
1002. suspend = hang 매달다, 띄우다
1003. sustain = maintain, support, uphold 유지, 지속하다, 떠받치다
1004. sustainable = continuing, durable, enduring 지속적인, (환경,자원 등)유지하는
1005. sustenance = food 식량
1006. swell = expand, increase, rise 부풀다, 증가, 팽창하다
1007. swell = enlargement 증대, 부풀어오름
1008. symmetrical = balanced 대칭의, 균형잡힌
1009. synthesis = union, combination, unity, fusion 합성, 종합, 통합 analysis
1010. systematic = methodical, organized 체계적인, 조직적인
1011. swelling = enlargement 팽창
1012. take advantage of = make use of 이용하다
1013. take on = assume (책임, 역할 등) 떠맡다, (색채,음조 등) 띠다, 나타내다
1014. tailor = adapt, adjust 맞추다, 적응시키다
1015. tangible = material, physical / important 실질적인,물질적인, /본질적인,중요한
1016. task = duty, project 과제, 일, 과업
1017. telling = effective, clear, helpful 효과적인, 효력을 발휘하는
1018. tend to = be likely to, be prone to ~하기쉽다
1019. tending = attention 주의, 주목
1020. tendency = inclination, movement 경향, 움직임, 사조
1021. tenet = principle, doctrine 교리, 신조, 주의
1022. terminal = final 맨 끝에 오는, 최종적인
1023. terrain = land surface 지형, 지세
1024. terrestrial = earthly, land 땅의, 지구의
1025. territory = land, region, tract 토지, 지방, 영역, 분야
1026. testify = give evidence to 증언, 증명하다
1027. thanks to = because of ~덕택에, ~때문에(because of)
1028. thoroughly = completely 완전히, 철저하게, 완벽하게
1029. through = by ~을 통해, ~로써
1030. tie = relation 인연, 유대, 속박
1031. timid = shy 소심한, 겁많은
1032. title = ownership 소유권, 권리
1033. toiled = worked hard 힘써 일하다, 수고하다, 고생하다
1034. totally = completely 전적으로, 완전히
1035. tolerate = endure 견디다, 참아내다
1036. toxic = poisonous 유독한, 독성이 있는
1037. track = observe, follow 흔적을 쫓다, 추적하다
1038. trade = barter, exchange, commerce 매매, 교역하다, 교역, 상업
1039. traditional = conventional, customary, usually 인습적, 관습적인
1040. tranquil = peaceful, serene, calm 고요, 평온한
1041. transformation = change, transition, conversion 변화, 변용, 전이
1042. transition = move, change 화, 추이
1043. transitory = momentary, temporary 시적인, 지나가는
1044. transmit = communicate, convey, send 달하다, 알리다
1045. transparent = clear 투명한, 명쾌한, 알기쉬운
1046. transport = carry, convey 나르다, 운송하다
1047. trend = movement, tendency 경향
1048. tremendous = huge, enormous, great 엄청나게 큰, 어마어마한
1049. trigger = activate, set off, stimulate, cause 일으키다, 유발하다
1050. trivial = unimportant, insignificant 사소한, 하찮은
1051. trumpet = praise 칭송하다
1052. tumultuous = chaotic, unorganized 떠들썩한, 요란한, 혼란스런
1053. turbulent = violent, agitated 사나운, 동요시키는
1054. ubiquitous = very common, widespread 도처에 흔한, 널리퍼진
1055. ultimately = eventually, finally, in the end 결국, 마침내
1056. unadorned ( decorated 꾸미지 않은, 장식되지 않은 (
1057. unanimity = total agreement 만장일치
1058. unbearably = extremely 극심하게
1059. unbridled = unrestrained, unrestricted 억제, 제한되지 않은
1060. uncanny = extraordinary 신비로운, 대단한
1061. unceasing = continuing 끊이지 않는, 계속되는
1062. unconvincing = implausible 설득력 없는, 타당성없는, 가능성 없는
1063. undergoes = experiences 경험하다
1064. underpinning = foundation, basis 떠받치는 것, 토대, 기초
1065. undertake = attempt, engage in, 착수하다, 시도하다
1066. undisputed = accepted as rule 논란의 여지없는, 당연한, 확실한
1067. uneasy = unstable 불안정한, 불안한
1068. unsurpassed = superior, unequaled, unmatched, unparalleled 당할수 없는, 으뜸가는
1069. uniform = consistent, without variation, even 일정한, 한결같은, 변함없는, 고른
1070. unintentionally = accidentally 우연히
1071. unique = distinctive, characteristic, original 독특한, 특유의, 고유한
1072. unprecedented = unexampled, never seen before 유례없는, 전대미문의
1073. unpretentious = simple 겉을 꾸미지 않는, 젠체하지 않는, 수수한
1074. unquestionable = definite 의심할 나위 없는, 명백한
1075. unshakable = firm 확고한 , 굳은
1076. unwittingly = unintentionally 부지불식간에, 무심코
1077. upset = disturb, disrupt, reverse 뒤집다, 어지럽히다
1078. urge = encouragement 자극, 추진력, 충동
1079. utilize = employ, exploit, use 이용, 활용하다
1080. utilitarian = practical, pragmatic 실용적인, 유용한
1081. utterly = completely 전적으로, 순전히
1082. vacant = empty, hollow 텅빈, 공허한
1083. vagary = uncertainty, incorrectness 엉뚱한 언행, 변덕, 불확실함
1084. vaguely = slightly 모호하게, 다소, 약간
1085. vanish = disappear 사라지다
1086. variation = difference 차이점, 변화
1087. variety = diversity 다양성
1088. vast = expansive, extensive 광활한, 넓은
1089. vegetation=plants 초목, 식물
1090. vehicle = methods, means 수단, 방법, 매개물, 매체
1091. venture = dare 위험을 무릅쓰다, 감행하다
1092. versatile = all-around, adaptable, resourceful, flexible다재다능한, 용도가 많은, 만능의
1093. vestige = remnant, trace 흔적, 유물유적, 자취
1094. view as = consider ~으로 간주하다, 여기다
1095. viscous = thick, sticky 끈끈한, 점액질의
1096. vigorous = energetic 에너지 넘치는
1097. visual barrier = obstacle to view, obstruction 시각적 장애, 방해물
1098. vital = essential 필수적인, 생명에 관한
1099. vulnerable = susceptible, open to attack 약한, 공격당하기 쉬운
1100. wane = decrease, decline, fade away 감소하다, 쇠퇴하다
1101. warranted = justified 정당화된, 보증된
1102. whereas = although, while 한편, ~한 반면
1103. wholly = completely 전적으로, 완전히
1104. wiggle = move up and down / from side to side 꿈틀대다, 꼼지락거리다
1105. wield = use (권력,영향력) 휘두르다, 행사하다
1106. wit = humor 기지, 재치
1107. with respect to = in reference to ~ 에 관한, ~에 있어서
1108. withstand = resist, endure, oppose 저항하다, 견디다, 버티다
1109. wreak havoc on = cause destruction to 파괴하다, 황폐화하다
1110. yet = however 그러나, 그래도
1111. yield = produce / cede 생산, 산출하다 / 양보, 양도하다
--
My Goal: Study 50 of these in a week.
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